Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AMPLIFIER
INTRODUCTION
Jika sebelumnya telah dipelajari beberapa komponen elektronik seperti
diode, transistor yang penggunaannya adalah dengan mengkoneksikan
komponen-komponen tersebut agar bisa menghasilkan sebuah unit yang
lengkap dan berfungsi komponen diskrit
Berikutnya akan dipelajari linear integrated circuit (IC) dimana
sejumlah transistor, diode, resistor, kapasitor difabrikasi dalam sebuah
chip kecil yang terbuat dari material semikonduktif yang membentuk
functional circuit
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH
OP-AMPS?
Make music very loud!
SOME EXAMPLE DEVICES
• LM741 (basic)
• LT1056 (JFET input)
• LMC660 (CMOS - low power)
• LT1220/1221 (fast)
• LM675 (medium power)
• LM12 (high power)
OP AMP IDEAL
INPUT OP AMP
direpresentasikan
Tergantung
parameter mana
yang perlu
dioptimalkan
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Negative feedback is illustrated in Figure below. The inverting (-) input
effectively makes the feedback signal 180° out of phase with the input
signal.
WHY USE NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK?
The inherent open-loop voltage gain of a typical op-amp is very high
(usually greater than 100,000). Therefore, an extremely small input
voltage drives the op-amp into its saturated output states. In fact, even
the input offset voltage of the op-amp can drive it into saturation. For
example, assume VIN = 1 mV and Aol = 100,000. Then,
VINAol = (1 mV)(100,000) = 100 V
Since the output level of an op-amp can never reach 100 V, it is driven
deep into saturation and the output is limited to its maximum output
levels.
With negative feedback, the closedloop voltage gain (Acl) can be
reduced and controlled so that the op-amp can function as a linear
amplifier
OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
EXAMPLE
Determine the closed-loop voltage gain of the amplifier in Figure below
SOLUTION
VOLTAGE-FOLLOWER
The voltage-follower configuration is a special case
of the noninverting amplifier where all of the output
voltage is fed back to the inverting (-) input by a
straight connection
These features make it a nearly ideal buffer amplifier
for interfacing high-impedance sources and low-
impedance loads
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The voltage across Ri equals Vin because the resistor is connected to virtual
ground at the inverting input of the op-amp. Therefore,
Also, the voltage across Rf equals –Vout because of virtual ground, and
therefore,
EXAMPLE
Given the op-amp configuration in Figure below, determine the value of
Rf required to produce a closed-loop voltage gain of -100.
SOLUTION