GAS TURBINE ENGINES

What is Propulsion?

Propulsion derived from Latin.

‘Pro’ means forward and ‘pellere’ means to

drive.

Propulsion means to push forward or drive

any object forward.
 Outline
 Review of basic principles.
 Introduction to Jet propulsion and jet engine theory.
 Classification and description of jet engine and their
characteristics.
 Air Intakes.
 Compressors.
 Combustion chamber.
 Turbines.
 Nozzles.
 Introduction to non conventional sources of energy.
 Review of Basic Principles
Pressure.
Density.
Temperature.
Equation of state for a perfect gas.
Newton’s laws.
Basic laws of Thermodynamics.
Constant volume and constant pressure
processes.
Isentropic process.
 Review of Basic Principles

Classification of propulsion.

Working cycle of four stroke, IC engine.

Brayton cycle for Jet engines.

 Types of Propulsion?

Propulsion system:-

Air-breathing type- IC engines and jet engines

such as turbo jet, turbo prop, turbo fan, turbo
shaft, ram jet, pulse jet.

Non-air breathing type- Rocket motor, nuclear

and electrical propulsion system.
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
OF A FLOWING GAS
 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a
Flowing Gas

Pressure

Pressure is the normal force per unit area

exerted on the surface due to time rate of
change of momentum of the gas molecules
impacting the surface.
 Pressure

 dF

dA

P= lim(dF/dA) dA 0
 Density

The density of a substance is the mass of

that substance per unit volume.
 Temperature
Temperature is a measure of average
kinetic energy of particles in the gas.

IfKE is the mean molecular kinetic energy,

then temperature is given by KE = (3/2) k T,

Where k is the Boltzman’s constant

 BOYLE’S LAW
The Pressure acting on a system is inversely proportional to the
Volume of the system, keeping the temp constant.
PV = const

“The absolute pressure exerted by a given

mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional
to the volume it occupies if the temperature
and amount of gas remain unchanged within
a closed system.”
Boyle’s Law
 Charle’s Law

The Volume of a gas is proportional to its

temperature at constant pressure.
V/T = const
“The volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is
directly proportional to its temperature on the
absolute temperature scale (in Kelvin) if
pressure and the amount of gas remain
constant; that is, the volume of the gas increases
or decreases by the same factor as its
temperature.”
Charle’s Law
 Gay Lussac’s Law

Pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly

proportional to its Temperature, keeping
Volume constant.
P/T = const
 Ideal Gas Law
Pv  nRT
Where;
◦ P - Pressure of the gas (Pascals)
◦ V - Volume of the gas (Cubic Meters)
◦ n - Amount of substance of gas (also known as number
of moles)
◦ T – Gas temperature (273.15 Kelvin = 0.00 deg Celsius)
◦ R - Ideal, or universal gas constant, equal to the product
of the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant.
(Value 8.314 J·K−1·mol−1)
 Gas Constant
 The chemical amount (n) (in moles) is equal to the mass (m) (in grams)
divided by the molar mass (M) (in grams per mole):
 By replacing n with m/M, and subsequently introducing density ρ =
m/V, we get:

 Defining the specific gas constant Rspecific as the ratio R/M,

 Question

Humid air is more dense than dry air ???

Humid air is less dense than dry air

because a molecule of water (M ≈ 18 u ) is
less massive than either a molecule of
nitrogen (M ≈ 28) or a molecule of oxygen
(M ≈ 32). About 78% of the molecules in
dry air are nitrogen (N2).
 Thermodynamic Processes

 Isothermal

 Adiabatic

 Isobaric

 Isochoric or Isovolumic
 Isothermal Process
Follows Boyle’s law

Change in Pressure and Volume of a gas without

any change in its temp is called an isothermal
change.
There is free exchange of heat between the gas
and its surrounding.
Exp: Melting and Boiling process
 Isothermal Process

T1

T2
P

V
 Adiabatic Process

A change in Pressure and Volume of a gas in which

temperature also change.

 No heat is allowed to enter into or escape from the gas.

 PVΥ = Const

γ = CP/CV
 Isochoric Process
 Volume remains constant.

 No work done on or by the gas.

 Heatabsorbed by the gas is used to change its internal

energy and temperature.

Isobaric Process

Pressure remains constant

 Enthalpy
It is a heat content of the system

A thermodynamic property which is equal to the

internal energy + product of its pressure and volume

H = u+pV

Entropy
It is the measure of disorder in a system
Entropy
 Laws of Thermodynamics

First law (Conservation of Energy)

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only gets

transformed from one form to another.
-Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind is impossible
(PMM1).
 Laws of Thermodynamics

Second law (Entropy)

Itis impossible for a self acting machine unaided
by any external agency to transfer heat from a
body at a lower temperature to another body at a
higher temperature

Ifa process occurs in a close system, the entropy

of the system either increases or remain constant.
 2nd Law
If two objects are not the same
temperature then.
Heat will always flow from high to low
temperatures.
Machines cannot be 100% efficient.
2nd Law
 Laws of Thermodynamics

Third law

As a system approaches to a absolute zero

temperature, all the processes cease and
the entropy of the system approaches to a
minimum value.
 3rd Law
Absolute zero is a temperature that an
object can get arbitrarily close to, but never
attain.
Temperatures as low as 2.0 x 10-8 K have
been achieved in the laboratory.
It is impossible to lower the temperature of
an object to absolute zero in a finite number
of steps.
 Laws of Thermodynamics

Zeroth law (Temp)

When thermodynamic system A and B are

separately in thermal equilibrium with a third
system C, then A and B will also be in thermal
equilibrium with each other also.
Zeroth Law
 Gas Power Cycle
Otto cycle
Air standard cycle used in internal combustion
engine
Elementary operations of I.C. engine are as follows:

◦ Intake
◦ Compression
◦ Combustion
◦ Expansion
◦ Exhaust
 Otto Cycle

EXP
AN
SIO
COMBUSTION N
P

CO
M
PR
E SS
IO EXHAUST
N
SUCTION

V
 Brayton Cycle
• Brayton cycle is used in all jet turbine engine operations.
• In this cycle combustion takes place at constant pressure.
Brayton Cycle
Comparison Between Otto and Brayton Cycles
Gas Turbine Engine
Disadvantages of Constant Volume Cycle

Mechanical difficulties are higher.

For heat addition at const volume, valves are

required to isolate Combustion Chamber.

Combustion is intermittent which impairs smooth

running.
Comparison Between Otto and Brayton Cycles

Otto cycle which is used in 4-stroke engines,

have same cylinder for the performance of
all the operations of the cycle.

In Brayton cycle used in turbine engine

separate components are assigned to each
processing step.

Hence Otto cycle is intermittent type

whereas Brayton cycle is continuous type.
Comparison Between Otto and Brayton Cycles

InBrayton cycle since combustion occurs at constant

pressure, it allows large mass of the air to be
processed with light weight combustion chamber
components.
Absence of reciprocating parts in a turbine engine is
the greatest advantage over piston engines.
For the same power output, piston engine size
would increase too much, extremely heavy and
practically impossible to manufacture and hence its
use in aviation is limited.
Summary
Pressure.
Density.
Temperature.
Equation of state for a perfect gas.
Basic laws of Thermodynamics.
Constant volume and constant pressure
processes.
Isentropic process.
Brayton cycle and Otto cycle
 Check Assimilation
Differentiate air-breathing and non
air-breathing engines.
What are the basic laws of Thermodynamics?

What are the four strokes in Otto cycle?

What is Brayton cycle?

What are the disadvantages of constant

volume cycles?
Any Questions?
NEWTON’S LAW
OF
MOTIONS
 Recap
Pressure.
Density.
Temperature.
Equation of state for a perfect gas.
Basic laws of Thermodynamics.
Constant volume and constant pressure
processes.
Isentropic process.
Brayton cycle and Otto cycle
 Outline

 Newton’s Law of Motions

 Advantages and Disadvantages of reciprocating engines

 Efficiency of Brayton Cycle

 Newton’s Law of Motions

First Law

• Every body continues to be in a state of rest

or of uniform motion unless acted upon by
some external force.
 Newton’s Law of Motions

Second Law

• Rate of change of momentum is directly

proportional to the applied forces and takes place
in the same direction in which the force acts.
 Newton’s Law of Motions

Third Law

To every action, there is always an equal and

opposite reaction.
Reciprocating Engine
 Reciprocating Engines
Advantages

- Fuel economy and good take off

characteristics.

- Used in small aircraft flying at velocities less

than 500 km/hr
 Reciprocating Engines
Disadvantages

•High weight to power ratio

•Large frontal area

•Large drop in power with altitude

•Difficulty in cooling and lubrication

 Simple Gas Turbine Engine

FUEL

CC
3
1 EXHAUST
2 4
AIR TUR
COMP
POWER O/P
Brayton Cycle
 Brayton Cycle

Ideal Air-standard Brayton Cycle

(processes are reversible)

12 Isentropic compression

23 Constant pressure heat addition
34 Isentropic expansion
41 Constant pressure heat removal
Brayton cycle
 Brayton Cycle

h4  h1 c P  T4  T1  T1  T4 / T1  1
 Brayton  1   1  1
constk h3  h2 c P  T3  T2  T2  T3 / T2  1
k 1
P2 P3 T2  P2  k
   
P1 P4 T1  P1 

T1 1
 Brayton  1  1 k 1
T2
constk
 P2 P1 k 
Assignment 1:

Derive the Thermal Efficiencies for Brayton and

Otto Cycles
Ideal gas law
PV  nRT  Nk BT
where n = number of moles
R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K
N = number of molecules
k B = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K
-5
= 8.617385 x 10 eV/K
k B = R/N A
N A = Avogadro's number
= 6.0221 x 1023 /mol