1

An Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by

Jason LaPres
Lone Star College—North Harris

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success

• Study Strategies
• Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions
• Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before going to
class or lab
• Devote a block of time each day to your A&P course
• Set up a study schedule and stick to it
• Do not procrastinate
• Approach the information in different ways
• Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly
• As soon as you experience difficulty with the course, seek
assistance

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1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success

• Important Features of the Textbook

• Learning Outcomes • End-of-Chapter Study
and Review Materials
• Illustrations, Tables,
and Photos • Systems Integrators

• Pronunciation Guides • Colored Tabs

• Checkpoint Questions • End-of-Book
Reference Sections
• Tips & Tricks
• Clinical Notes
• Arrow Icons

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1-2 Good Study Strategies Crucial for Success

• Supplements
• Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 DVD
• MasteringA&P™ Study Area
• Interactive Physiology® 10-System Suite (IP-10) CD-ROM
• Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body
• Get Ready for A&P!
• A&P Applications Manual
• Study Guide

• Full descriptions in preface of textbook

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 Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology

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 History of medicine

• Roots of the profession of

medicine are buried far back
before the dawn of history.
• Nearly as old as mankind itself,
practice of medical procedures
has paralleled man’s
development.
• At the very beginning anatomy
and medicine were
indistinguishable.

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 Prehistoric Doctor
• Human societies have
always had special
individuals, who took the
job of a healer and were
responsible for preventing
illness and curing the sick
and injured.
• Early healers relied on
superstitions and magic.

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 Ancient Egypt

Imhotep, a physician and Sekhmet, a lion-headed

the God of Medicine Goddess of healing
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 Ancient Egypt

The mummification process took seventy days. Special

priests worked as embalmers, treating and wrapping the
body.
Beyond knowing the correct rituals and prayers to be
performed at various stages, the priests also needed a
detailed knowledge of human anatomy.
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• The first step in the process was the removal of all internal
parts that might decay rapidly.
• The brain was removed by carefully inserting special hooked
instruments up through the nostrils in order to pull out bits of
brain tissue. It was a delicate operation, one which could
easily disfigure the face.
• The embalmers then removed the organs of the abdomen
and chest through a cut usually made on the left side of the
abdomen.
• They left only the heart in place, believing it to be the center
of a person's being and intelligence.

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 • The other organs were preserved separately, with the
stomach, liver, lungs, and intestines placed in special
boxes or jars today called canopic jars. These were
buried with the mummy.
• In later mummies, the organs were treated, wrapped,
and replaced within the body.

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3000-year-old mummy of Ramses II

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 Medicine in Ancient Egypt
There was a close association in Egyptian
medicine between religion and magic.
Egyptian physicians used many drugs, but
thought their effects primarily magical.

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 Hippocrates
• Was an ancient Greek physician,
considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of
medicine.
• Hippocrates–3rd generation
physician

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 Hippocrates

Hippocratic oath: “I will use

treatment to help the sick
according to my ability and
judgment, but never with
the view to injury and
wrong doing…Into
whatsoever houses I enter,
I will enter to help the
sick.”

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 Middle Ages
Doctors were one of the minor
guilds in the middle ages .
Medicine was often a risky
business. Early surgery, often
done by barbers without
anesthesia, must have been
excruciating.

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 Middle Ages
• The practitioners of medicine
in medieval Europe were both
members of clergy and
laymen.
• Few references to medieval
surgical operations exist apart
from bloodletting.
• This is probably due to the
fact that successful anesthetic
procedures were not known
until the 19th century.

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 What kind of remedy did people use in the
Middle Ages?
• Health was thought to be restored
by purging, starving, vomiting or
bloodletting.
• Bloodletting  is the withdrawal of
often considerable quantities
of blood from a patient to cure or
prevent illness and disease.
• It was the most common medical
practice performed by doctors from
antiquity up to the late 19th century,
a time span of almost 2,000 years

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 Medical Tools (Trepanning)

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 Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci’s
Vitruvian Man
expresses the
correlation of man’s
body proportions. For
example, man’s
outstretched arms are
equivalent to his
height.

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 19th Century: Did you know?

• Until 1880 doctors

and nurses did not
wash there hands in
the hospitals.
• Who was Dr.
Zemmelweiss?

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 Louis Pasteur

Proved the presence

of the microorganisms:
infections.
The first one to introduce
the vaccination against
rabies.

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 Anatomy and Physiology Intro

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 Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology)

of the body and its parts, in other words, “what
are things called?”

• Physiology studies the functions of these parts

or asks the question, “how do they work?”

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Levels of Organization

• The Chemical (or Molecular) Level

• Atoms are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules are a group of atoms working together

• The Cellular Level

• Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working
together

• The Tissue Level

• A tissue is a group of similar cells working together

• The Organ Level

• An organ is a group of different tissues working together

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Levels of Organization

• The Organ System Level

• An organ system is a group of organs working together
• Humans have 11 organ systems

• The Organism Level

• A human is an organism

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Levels of Structural Organization

Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &

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Organization of the Human Body

Major features of the human body include its cavities,

membranes, and organ systems.

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 Map of the Human Body
• Directional terms, like
north, south, east, or west,
are needed for reading a
map.
• Maps representing a
specific region have more
detail, making it easier to
explore.
• Anatomical landmarks
serve as the needed
points of reference.

Anatomical Position

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 Directional Terms: transverse plane
• Superior (cranial or cephalic)
means toward the head or upper
body.

• Inferior (caudal) means away

from the head or toward the lower
part of the body.
– Any body part can be either
superior or inferior, depending
upon your reference point.
– The knee is superior to the
ankle and inferior to the pelvis.

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Median or Midsagittal Plane

• The median or midsagittal

plane divides the body into
right and left halves.
• Medial refers to body
parts located near the
middle or midline of the
body.
• Lateral refers to body
parts located away from
midline.

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Frontal or Coronal Plane

• The frontal plane or coronal

plane divides the body into
front and back sections.

• Anterior or ventral
refers to body parts
towards or on the front of
the body.

• Posterior or dorsal
refers to body parts
towards or on the back of
the body.

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 Proximal and Distal

• Proximal refers to body parts close to a point

of reference of the body.
• Distal refers to body parts away from a point
of reference.
• Using your fingers as a reference point, your wrist
would be proximal and your shoulder would be
distal.

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External and Internal

• External means on the outside

• The skin is located externally and is the body’s
largest organs
• Internal means on the inside
• Most organs are located internally.

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Body Cavities
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that
help protect, separate, and support internal
organs

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Body Cavities

• Essential Functions of Body Cavities

1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

• Ventral body cavity (coelom)

• Divided by the diaphragm

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

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Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

• Provides protection
• Allows organ movement
• Linings prevent friction
Subdivides during development into

Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity

Surrounded by chest wall and

diaphragm
Peritoneal Cavity
Extends
throughout
abdominal cavity
Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity and into superior
portion of pelvic
Surrounds right lung Contains the Surrounds left lung
cavity
trachea, esophagus,
and major vessels
Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
Contains many Contains urinary
Pericardial Cavity digestive glands bladder,
and organs reproductive
Surrounds heart organs, last
portion of
digestive tract

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Body Cavities

• Serous Membranes

• Line body cavities and cover organs

• Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

• Parietal layer — lines cavity

• Visceral layer — covers organ

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Body Cavities

• The Thoracic Cavity

• Right and left pleural cavities
• Contain right and left lungs

• Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
• The heart is located within the pericardial cavity

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Body Cavities

• The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic

cavity

• Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall

• Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs

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Body Cavities

• The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal cavity — superior portion

• Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones

• Contains digestive organs

• Retroperitoneal space

• Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular

body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the
digestive tract

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Body Cavities

• The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Pelvic cavity — inferior portion

• Within pelvic bones

• Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

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 Body Systems

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 The Integumentary System

•Consists of the skin and

the structures derived
from it.
•Includes hair, nails,
sweat and oil glands.
•Regulates body temp.
•Protects body.
•Dectects sensations.

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 The Skeletal System
•Consists of the bones, cartilage and joints.
•Supports and protects the body.
•Assists with movement.
•Stores cells that produce blood cells.
•Stores minerals and fats.

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 The Muscular System
•Consists of skeletal
muscle, but also
includes cardiac and
smooth muscle.
•Aides in movement.
•Maintains posture.
•Produces heat.

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 Digestive System

•Consists of mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines.
•Also includes salivary
glands, liver, pancreas and
gallbladder.
•Physically and chemically
breaks down food.
•Absorbs nutrients and
eliminates wastes.

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 Nervous System
•Consists of brain,
spinal cord, nerves and
sense organs such as
the eyes and ears.
•Regulates body
activities through nerve
impulses.

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 The Cardiovascular System

•Consists of the heart,

blood and blood vessels.
•Heart pumps blood
through blood vessels.
•Blood carries O2 and
nutrients to the cells.
•Regulates body temp.
•Blood components help
to fight disease.

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 The Respiratory System

•Consists of respiratory
airways and lungs.
•Transfers oxygen from
inhaled air to blood and
carbon dioxide from blood
to exhaled air.
•Aides in sound
production.

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 The Endocrine System

•Consists of all of the

glands and tissues
that produce chemical
regulators of body
functions through
hormones to various
target organs.

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The Reproductive System

Female ~ Male ~
• Consists of the ovaries, • Consists of the testes,
uterus, uterine tubes, epididymis, vas deferens
vagina and mammary and penis.
glands. • Produces sperm
• Produces egg cells
(ovum)

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 Urinary System
•Consists of the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra.
•It functions to produce,
store and eliminate urine.
•Regulates volume and
chemical make up of blood.
•Regulates red blood cell
production.

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 Lymphatic and Immune Systems

•Consists of the
lymph, spleen, tonsils,
lymphatic fluid, thymus
and immune cells.
•Maintains fluid
balance.
•Aides in protection
against disease
causing organisms.

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 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/v
ideo/science/health-human-body-sci/
human-body/human-body-sci/

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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis
• All body systems working together to maintain a
stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes
to function within a normal range (body
temperature, fluid balance)

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Homeostasis

• Mechanisms of Regulation

• Autoregulation (intrinsic)

• Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some

environmental change

• Extrinsic regulation

• Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine

systems

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Homeostasis

• Receptor
• Receives the stimulus

• Control center
• Processes the signal and sends instructions

• Effector
• Carries out instructions

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Figure 1-2 The Control of Room Temperature

RECEPTOR
Information
Normal Thermometer affects
condition
disturbed
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
rises

HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL CENTER

(Thermostat) Air Air
Normal room
temperature conditioner conditioner

Room temperature (°C)

turns on turns off

RESPONSE:
Room temperature 20° 30° 40°
drops Normal
22 range
Normal
condition EFFECTOR Sends
restored Air conditioner commands
turns on to
Time
In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat With this regulatory system, room
(the control center) triggers an effector response (either an air condi- temperature fluctuates around the
tioner or a heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case, set point.
when room temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat
turns on the air conditioner, and the temperature returns to normal.

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Negative and Positive Feedback

• The Role of Negative Feedback

• The response of the effector negates the stimulus

• Body is brought back into homeostasis

• Normal range is achieved

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Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature

RECEPTORS
Temperature Information
sensors in skin affects
Normal and
temperature hypothalamus CONTROL
disturbed CENTER
STIMULUS:
Body temperature
rises

HOMEOSTASIS Thermoregulatory
Normal body center in brain Vessels Vessels
temperature dilate, constrict,
RESPONSE: sweating sweating
Increased heat loss, increases decreases
body temperature

Body temperature (°C)

drops

Normal EFFECTORS 37.2

Sends Normal
temperature 37 range
• Sweat glands commands
restored in skin increase
36.7
to
secretion
• Blood vessels
in skin dilate
Time
Events in the regulation of body temperature, which are The thermoregulatory center keeps
comparable to those shown in Figure 12. A control center body temperature fluctuating
in the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostat within an acceptable range, usually
with a set point of 37°C. If body temperature exceeds between 36.7 and 37.2°C.
37.2°C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow
to the skin and increased sweating.

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Negative and Positive Feedback

• The Role of Positive Feedback

• The response of the effector increases change of the
stimulus

• Body is moved away from homeostasis

• Normal range is lost

• Used to speed up processes

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Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
Chemicals
Damage to cells in the
blood vessel wall releases
chemicals that begin the
process of blood clotting.
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The chemicals start chain
reactions in which cells,
cell fragments, and
soluble proteins in the
blood begin to form a clot.
Clotting
accelerates
Positive
feedback
loop
Chemicals Blood clot
As clotting continues, This escalating process
each step releases is a positive feedback
chemicals that further loop that ends with the
accelerate the process. formation of a blood clot,
which patches the vessel
wall and stops the bleeding.
Negative and Positive Feedback

• Systems Integration
• Systems work together to maintain homeostasis

• Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium

• Opposing forces are in balance
• Dynamic equilibrium — continual adaptation

• Physiological systems work to restore balance

• Failure results in disease or death

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Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation

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Anatomical Terminology

• Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks
• References to palpable structures
• Anatomical Regions
• Body regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominopelvic regions
• Anatomical Directions
• Reference terms based on subject

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Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks
Frontal or
forehead Nasal or nose
Ocular, orbital
or eye
Cranial Otic or ear
or skull
Cephalic or head Buccal or cheek
Facial
or face
Oral or mouth Cervical or neck
Mental or chin Thoracic or
thorax, chest
Axillary or armpit
Mammary
or breast
Brachial
or arm Trunk
Abdominal
Antecubital (abdomen)
or front of Umbilical
elbow or navel

Anterior view
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Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks

Antebrachial Pelvic Trunk

or forearm (pelvis)
Carpal or wrist
Palmar or palm
Manual
or hand

Pollex Digits Inguinal

or thumb (phalanges) or groin
or fingers (digital
or phalangeal) Pubic
Patellar (pubis)
or kneecap
Femoral
Crural or thigh
or leg
Tarsal or
ankle

Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal) Pedal
Hallux or or foot
great toe

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Anterior view
Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks

Cephalic
or head

Acromial or
shoulder Cervical
Dorsal or or neck
back

Olecranal Upper
or back limb
of elbow

Posterior view

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Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks

Lumbar Upper
limb
or loin

Gluteal
or buttock
Lower
Popliteal or
limb
back of knee

Sural
or calf

Calcaneal or
heel of foot

Plantar or
sole of foot

Posterior view
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Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Right Upper Left Upper

Quadrant Quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Lower Left Lower
Quadrant Quadrant
(RLQ) (LLQ)

Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four

abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two
perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The
terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations,
are most often used in clinical discussions.
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Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Right Left
hypochondriac hypochondriac
region Epigastric region
region

Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar

region region region
Right Hypogastric
(pubic) Left inguinal
inguinal region
region region

Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic

regions provide more precise regional descriptions.

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Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Spleen
Large intestine

Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
Anatomical relationships. The relationship between
the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the
locations of the internal organs are shown here.

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