Forensic Ballistics &

Forensic Questioned
Documents
MICHAEL RODINE RIZ V. PAPA
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
NATIONAL REVIEW LECTURER
CCEL COORDINATOR (NEW ERA UNIVERSITY)
FACULTY MEMBER : NEW ERA UNIVERSITY
:UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
: COLLEGE OF ST. CATHERINE
How to Passed the
Criminology Board
Exam.
BOARD EXAM FAQ’S
1)MAHIRAP PO BA ANG BOARD EXAM?
2)ILANG SUBJECTS PO BA ANG BOARD?
3)REQUIRED BA TALAGA MAG BOARD?
4)ANO PO BANG MGA KLASENG TANONG ANG
TINATANONG SA BOARD?
5)ILANG BESES PO BA PWEDENG MAG TAKE?
6)ANO BANG BENEFITS KAPAG NAKAPASA?
7)REQUIRED BA MAG REVIEW CENTER?
8)SA TINGIN MO SIR? PAPASA KAYA AKO?
KAYA LANG ETO KA EH….
ANGTANGA KO!

A – ABSENT MADALAS
N – NADATING LATE, NAUWI DIN AGAD
G – GO OUT AND GO OUT
T – TEXT NG TEXT
A – ALANG DALANG GAMIT PARA SA LECTURE
N – NALIPAD ANG ISIP O KAYA NATUTULOG
G – GALING GALINGAN SA LECTURE
A – ANG DALDAL AT KULIT NA WALA SA LUGAR
K – KULANG SA NOTE TAKING
O – OK KA LANG? LAGAY NA YAN PAPASA KA?
ASA KA PA…
WHAT SHALL YOU DO
BEFORE EXAM?

ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS TO GET A HAMMER,

NAILS AND A CHAIR
AND USE THE HAMMER AND NAILS TO MAKE
YOUR BUTT FIXED TO THE CHAIR
REMEMBER THIS…

“EXAMS WERE NOT ONLY CREATED TO TEST

YOUR INTELLIGENCE BUT ALSO HOW MUCH
DID YOU PREPARE FOR IT”
USE THIS TECHNIQUE
WHEN YOU ARE JUST
STARTING…

R READ

U UNDERSTAND

M MEMORIZE
 MAYBE THIS COULD
HELP YOU TO PERFORM
RUM
SAY NO TO CRAMMING

 STUDY IN INTERVALS!
 STUDYING IN 20-50 MINUTES
INCREMENTS AND GIVING YOURSELF
5-10 MINUTES IN BETWEEN IS MORE
BENEFICIAL THAN CRAMMING. THIS
COULD HELP YOU TO RETAIN MORE
MEMORIES IN A LONG TERM
MANNER!
ALWAYS DO SEX

S SLEEP

E EAT

X EXERCISE
SAY YES TO CARDIO

 SCIENCE SAYS THAT JUST 20

MINUTES OF CARDIO CAN IMPROVE
YOUR MEMORY, WHETHER YOU’RE
DANCING, JOGGING OR BUSTING A
SWEAT BY WALKING, EXERCISE
WILL INCREASE YOUR ENERGY
LEVEL AND REDUCE THE EFFECTS
OF STRESS!
EAT SUPERFOODS /
ANTIOXIDANTS
 ALWAYS EAT YOUR BREAKFAST BEFORE
READING YOUR NOTES

 RECOMMENDED TYPES OF FOOD:

 HIGH CARB, HIGH FIBER, SLOW DIGESTING FOODS LIKE
OATMEAL ARE BEST
 AVOID FATS, EGGS, CHEESE, CREAM,
 TAKE A BREAK BY EATING ALMONDS OR NUTS. FRUITS AND
YOGURT
MAKE ALTERNATIVE
STUDY SPOTS
 DO NOT STUDY IN THE SAME PLACE
ALL THE TIME
 TRY TO HAVE ALTERNATIVE STUDY
SPOTS LIKE LIBRARY, PERSONAL
ROOM, GARDEN, COFFEE SHOPS,
OR ANY PLACE SUITABLE FOR
STUDY
TIME MANAGEMENT

 DO NOT FOCUS YOUR SELF BY

READING YOUR NOTES
 DO NOT FORGET TO TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE TO BOOST YOUR
PERFORMANCE
AVOID ALL NIGHTER
 ALL NIGHTERS IMPRAIR REASONING AND
MEMORY FOR AS LONG AS FOUR DAYS
 GET A GOOD NIGHT SLEEP AND EXPECT TO
PERFORM BETTER ON TESTS
 REVIEW YOUR TOUGHEST MATERIAL
BEFORE GOING TO BED. IT MAKES IT EASIER
TO RECALL THE MATERIAL LATER.
MINIMIZE DISTRACTIONS

 TRY TO AVOID STUDYING WHILE LISTENING

TO A MUSIC, TEXTING FRIENDS, UPDATING
YOUR FB STATUS, OR WATCHING YOUR
FAVORITE TV SHOW OR MOVIE.
 IF YOUR LISTENING TO MUSIC, TRY
INSTRUMENTAL SONGS OR TRY
DOWNLOADING SONGS FOR STUDYING
 AVOID WATCHING PORN
LAZINESS PROBLEM?
 IF YOU FEEL LIKE DOING ANYTHING AND
JUST WANT TO LAY ON YOUR BED, TRY THIS
ONE!
 IF YOU HAVE AN ANDROID PHONE, IPAD,
IPHONE OR ANY SMART PHONE OR DEVICES
TRY TO DOWNLOAD “TEXT-TO-SPEECH APP”
 IF YOU DON’T LIKE TO READ THIS APP WILL
READ YOUR NOTES FOR YOU
 DON’T FORGET THAT YOU MUST HAVE SOFT
COPIES OF YOUR NOTES
MAXIMIZE PRACTICE TESTING

AFTER A WEEK OF READING YOUR

NOTES, TRY A PRACTICE TEST TO
PROVE WHETHER YOU LEARNED OR
YOU NEED TO REPEAT THE R.U.M.
AND S.E.X. TECHNIQUES
TREAT EVERY LEARNING AS A BAR OF
GOLD AND DON’T FORGET TO KEEP IT
SCOPE OF BOARD EXAMINATION

SUBJECT/AREA WEIGHT
Criminal Jurisprudence, Procedure & Evidence 20%
Law Enforcement Administration 20%
Crime Detection and Investigation 20%
Criminalistics 15%
Correctional Administration 10%
Sociology of crimes and Ethics 15%
TOTAL 100%
PREVIOUS BOARD
QUESTIONS FOR
CRIMINOLOGIST

SUBJECT:
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
1. Mark due to worn out to the barrel.

A. land marks
B. groove marks
C. stripping marks
D. skid marks

ANS. D
2. Best area where marking on a recovered
bullet shall be placed is:

A. base of the shell

B. any part of the bullet
C. body of the bullet
D. base of the bullet

ANS. D
3. It is the placing on a fingerprint card the
results of the interpretation of all ten (10)
patterns, by letters, symbols, or numbers
required for each of the rolled prints.

A. interpretation
B. blocking out
C. classification
D. sequencing
ANS. B
4. What is the total failure of a cartridge to
discharge?

A. hang fire
B. rim fire
C. Misfire
D. center fire

ANS. C
5. How do you call that smooth bore and
muzzle loading military shoulder arm
designed to fire or shoot a single round lead
ball?

A. shoulder arm
B. musket
C. Rifle
D. Shotgun

ANS. B
6. What kind of firearm was used if the
entrance wound is irregular with severe
destruction of the tissues on account of the
expanded gases?

A. automatic weapon
B. shotgun
C. machine gun
D. revolver
ANS.B
7. Markings found on the body of the fired
bullet.

A. breechface marks
B. investigator markings
C. lands and grooves marks
D. firing pin marks

ANS.C
8. It is the first step in the process of barrel
manufacturing.

A. drilling
B. rifling
C. reaming
D. none of the above

ANS. A
9. A primer with two vents or flash holes.

A. bordan primer
B. boxer primer
C. berdan primer
D. battery primer

ANS.B
10.They are sometimes called propellant or
powder charge.

A. bullet
B. cartridge case
C. Ammunition
D. gunpowder

ANS.D
11. All the details, including the marking of
the evidences shall be placed by the
investigator on his:

A. cellphones
B. blotter or official police record book
C. personal police notebook
D. none of the above

ANS.C
12. The raised or elevated spiral portions
between the grooves inside a rifled gun
barrel.

A. grooves
B. muzzle
C. Lands
D. riflings
ANS. D
13. When the crime scene is an indoor
scene, the inspection/search for latent
fingerprints is done:

A. from inside to outside

B. from the desired direction
C. from outside to inside
D. any of these
ANS. C
14. It is defined as the science of the
motion of projectiles.

A. Ballistics
B. forensic ballistics
C. interior ballistics
D. terminal ballistics

ANS.A
15. It refers to the science of firearm identification
which involves the scientific examination of
ballistics exhibits-fired bullets, fired shells,
firearms and allied matters to elucidate legal
matters.

A. projectiles
B. ballistics
C. forensic ballistics
D. field investigations
ANS.C
16. It is the elevated portion of the gun
barrel.

A. lands
B. grooves
C. riflings
D. all of the above Suspected revolver
should be marked
ANS.A
17. It refers to loaded shells for rifles, muskets,
carbines, shotguns, revolvers and pistols from
which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or other missile
may be fired by means of gunpowder or other
explosives.

A. technical definition of ammunition

B. legal definition of ammunition
C. cartridge case
D. Bullet
ANS. B.
18.In order to identify test bullets /shells it
should be marked with the:

A. last digit of the serial number of the of a

firearm
B. initial of the person conducting the test
C. initial of the requesting party
D. initial of the victim

ANS.A
19.It is the rate of speed of the bullet per
unit of time.

A. Range
B. air resistance
C. Velocity
D. Trajectory
ANS.C
20. It refers to the attributes and
movements of the bullet after it has left the
gun muzzle.

A. interior ballistics
B. exterior ballistics
C. terminal ballistics
D. forensic ballistics
ANS.B
21.Those type of firearms that propel
projectiles more than one inch in diameter.

A. Artillery
B. small arms
C. shoulder arms
D. machine guns

ANS. A
22. The word forensic means_________.

A. forum
B. market place
C. public discussion
D. relation to administration of justice

ANS.D
23. Who is the person accredited as
successful inventor of black powder.

A. Horace Smith
B. Alexander John Forsth
C. Berthold Schwartz
H. Col Cavin H. Goddard

ANS.C
24.It is the science of mobility of the
projectile?

A. Forensic ballistics
B. Ballistics
C. Applied physics
D. Applied science

ANS. A
25. Is that branch of ballistics which treats
of the motion of the projectile while it is in
its flight?

A. Interior
B. Terminal
C. Exterior
D. Forensic
ANS.C
26.From what Greek word the word
“ballistics” was derive which means “to
throw”?

A. Ballistics
B. Catapult
C. Ballein or ballo
D. Ballista
ANS. C
27.It refers to the motion of the projectile
once it enters a rifled barrel of a gun.

A. Direct
B. Rotatory
C. Transnational
D. Twist
ANS. A
28.What initiates the combustion of the gun
powder in a shell?

A. Hammer
B. Primer
C. Trigger
D. Flash hole
ANS.B
29.Is the rearward reaction of the firearm in
relation to the forward movement of the
bullet upon firing?

A. Percussion action
B. Recoil
C. Back fire
D. Ricochet
ANS.B
30.Is the stillness or the steadiness of the
bullet in flight?(Straight travel in flight)

A. Key hole shot

B. Ricochet
C. Yaw
D. Gyroscopic action

ANS.D
31.What is the actual pattern of curve path
of the bullet in flight?

A. Curve
B. Trajectory
C. Gyroscopic action
D. Drop of bullet

ANS.B
32. What type of a firearm in which the
mechanism is so arranged that make it
capable of continuous firing in a single
press of a trigger and while the trigger is
press?

A.Machine gun
B.Grease gun
C.Sub-machine gun(SMG)
D.Shoulder arm
ANS.A
33. What type of a firearm is designed to
propel a projectile by means of
compressed air or strong string?

A.Air rifle
B.Carbine
C.Springfield armony
D.Musket
ANS.A
34. A type of a firearm which propels a
number of lead pellets in one charge to a
smooth bore barrel is?

A.Rifle
B.Shotgun
C.Machine gun
D.Musket

ANS.B
35. What type of a firearm is commonly
used by calvalry?(riding a horse)

A.Carbine
B.Revolver
C.Pistol
D.Rifle
ANS.A
36. What type of a hand firearm has a
rotating cylinder that serve as the
magazine and which successively places
catridge into position for firing?

A.Pistol
B.Revolver
C.Rifle
D.Carvine
ANS.B
37. __________is generally applied to all
home made gun,just as the one used by
juvenile delinquent in United States.

A.Zip gun
B.Grease gun
C.Freakish gun
D.Paltik
ANS.A
38.What is known as the smallest pistol in
the world?

A.Colibre
B.Cal.22
C.Senorita
D.Kolibre
ANS.D
39.What mechanism of a firearm which
withdraws the empty shells from the
chamber?

A.Ejector
B.Firing pin
C.Extractor
D.Extractor pin
ANS.C
40. In case that catridge case are found at
the scene of firing it only means
that_______Firearm was used.

A.Single shot
B.Automatic
C.Bold action
D.double action
ANS.B
41. What is that condition in firing at which
the cartridge took several second before it
discharge upon firing? (delayed in the
discharged of the cartridge).

A.Mis-fire
B.Backfire
C.Hang fire
D.Backshot
ANS.C
42. Who is the “Father of percussion
ignition”?

A.Alexander John Forsyth

B.Roger Bacon
C.Bethhold Schwartz
D.Veillie

ANS.A
43. What is a complete unfired unit
consisting of bullet,primer,gun powder and
shell?

A.Ammunition
B.Cartridge
C.Shotgun cartridge
D.Missile
ANS.B
44. Is that type of ammunition which does
not have bullet used in film-making?

A.Dummy
B.Blank
C.Drill
D.Live

ANS.B
45. A 12 gauge shotgun has an equivalent
diameter of:

A. 370”
B. 729”
C. 726”
D. 724”

ANS.B
46. European made firearm are usually
referred in millimeter in determining
calibers,when you talk of 9mm you are
referring to?

A. 40 cal
B. 357 cal
C. 45 cal
D. 30 cal
ANS.B
47. It refers to the imaginary straight
distance between the muzzle of the gun
and the target.

A. Range
B. Accurate Range
C. Effective Range
D. Maximum Range

ANS.A
48. A bullet covered with thick coating of a
copper alloy to prevent leading is known
as:

A.Platted bullet
B.Jacketed bullet
C.Metal cased bullet
D.Metal point bullet
ANS.B
49. Is that part of the cartridge case which
characterized by a cylindrical grooves that
prevents the bullet from being push down
to the cartridge?

A. Crimp
B. Neck
C. Shoulder
D. Cannelure

ANS.D
50. Is a type of military bullet designed to
penetrate light steel armor. Its mechanical
construction makes it capable of
penetrating through some light vehicles.

A. Ball Type
B. Armor piercing
C. Explosive Bullet
D. Incendiary Bullet
ANS.B
PREVIOUS BOARD
QUESTIONS FOR
CRIMINOLOGIST

SUBJECT:
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
EXAMINATION
1. A document completely written and
signed and dated by only one person is
known as____________.

A. Halograpic document
B. Questioned document
C. Standard document
D. Disputed document
ANS.A
2. Refers to any material supplied by a
written instrument to which an issue has
been raised or that which is under
examination or investigation.

A. Questioned document
B. Disputed document
C. Standard document
D. Evidential document
ANS.A
3. There are three legal forms of evidence
as provided in the rules of evidence. Which
of the following forms of evidence, is
considered as the highest form of proof
being the one directly addressed to the
senses of the court.

A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
ANS. A
4. Once a crime was committed application of
various scientific crime-detection has been found
to be indispensable. A medico-legal who
conducts an autopsy of the body of the victim will
have to prepare a report to be presented in court.
What form of evidence is a medico-legal report?

A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
ANS.B
5. These are sets of authentic document
which will serve as a basis for comparison
with other matters in question?

A. Questioned document
B. Sample
C. Standard document
D. Exemplar
ANS.C
6. Specimen Document which are executed in
the ordinary or regular course of man’s
activity.

A. Standard
B. Collected or procured
C. Requested or dictated
D. day to day standard
ANS. B
7. In document examination when referring
to contemporary documents this refers
to______?
A. Document which is more than 5 years
before and after.
B. Document which are not more than 5
years before and after.
C. Document which are more than 30
years
D. Document which are not more than 20
years
ANS.B
8. The following are public documents,
EXCEPT
A. Written official acts, or records of the official
acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and
tribunals and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of a foreign country.
B. Documents acknowledged before a notary
public.
C. Last will and testaments.
D. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of
private documents required by law to be
entered therein.
ANS.C
9. Before any private document offered as
authentic is received in evidence, its due
execution and authenticity must be proved
either:

A. By anyone who saw the document

executed or written; Or.
B. By evidence of the genuineness of the
signature or handwriting of the maker.
C. Ancient document
D. A and b only
ANS.D
10. A modern pen nib point which contains
a reservoir of ink in a specially designed
back or chamber is described as_______?
(best use to prevent forgery)

A. Ball-point pen
B. Fountain pen
C. Fiber pen
D. Signing pen
ANS.B
11. Is the combination of the basic designs
of letters and the writing movement which
was taught in school?

A. Copy book-form
B. writing movement
C. System of writing
D. Letter form
ANS.C
12. It refers to the factor which relates the
condition of the writer as well as the
circumstances under which the writing was
prepared?

A. System of writing
B. writing movement
C. Copy-book form
D. writing condition
ANS.D
13.It refers to the blackboard illustration of
the basic designs of letter which is
fundamental to the writing system.

A. System of writing
B. letter forms
C. Copy book form
D. writing movement
ANS.C
14. Mr. X is a construction worker who usually
drink during payday. One time while under the
influence of liquor Mr. X executed a document.
Due to his condition an obvious deterioration is
observed in his writing. Such Changes in his
writing is known as?
A. Natural variation
B. transitory change
C. Permanent change
D. Tremor
ANS.B
15.A specimen of writing which was
executed without intention of changing the
usual writing habits. It is executed normally
by the writer.
A. Natural writing
B. disguised writing
C. Guided writing
D. assisted writing
ANS.A
16. Writing forms can either be a
disconnected or joined letter writings. What
specimen of writing is characterized by
disconnected style?
A. Hand lettering
B. cursive writing
C. Manuscript form
D. Rounded
ANS.A
17.A name of a person signed by himself
on a document as an indication of
acceptance and recognition of its contents.

A. Forgery
B. Signature
C. Penmanship
D. Autograph
ANS.B
18. A genuine signature which was used in
the preparation of a simulated or traced
forgery.

A. Authentic signature
B. standard signature
C. Model signature
D. evidential signature
ANS. C
19. If John Loud is known for ball-point
pen, who is for the fountain pen?

A. Lewis Watterman
B. Laszlo Biro
C. John Parker
D. Lewis Parker
ANS.A
20. Is a specimen of writing prepared with
deliberate intent of altering the usual
writing habits in the hope of hiding his
identity.
A. disguised writing
B. handlettering
C. cursive
D. block capital
ANS.A
21. Known Father of Questioned Document

A. Albert S. Osborn
B. John Augustus
C. Dr. Hans Gross
D. Ordway Hilton
ANS.A
22. Forged signature made by free hand
movement and constant practice is called:

A. Traced forgery
B. Simulated forgery
C. Simple forgery
D. spurious signature
ANS.B
23. What type of forgery is made when the
writer’s exerts no effort to effect
resemblance or facsimile between the
forged and the genuine signatures?
A. simple
B. simulated
C. traced
D. purious
ANS.A
24. A type of forgery which involves
fraudulent signature executed by actually
following the outline of a genuine signature
with a writing instrument?
A. carbon outline process
B. lasered
C. indention process
D. Traced
ANS.D
25.It is an interruption in strokes cause by
sudden removal of the writing instrument to
the paper surface.
A. pen emphasis
B. pen shading
C. pen pressure
D. pen lift
ANS.D
26. A strokes which goes back over
another writing stroke designed to correct a
defective portion of a writing also known as
patching.
A. retouching
B. retracing
C. pen lifting
D. Tremor
ANS.A
27. It is the usual or the normal force
applied by a writer every time he executes
a natural writing.
A. pen pressure
B. pen emphasis
C. retracing
D. Retouching
ANS.A
28.It refers to the relative degree of writing
proficiency of the writer, which can be
measured from his lowest to the highest
level.
A. skills
B. speed
C. pen scope
D. pen position
ANS.A
29.It refers to the introductory backward
strokes found in many small letters.
A. Beard
B. Blunt
C. Buckle knot
D. Hitch
ANS.D
30. It refers to the outer part of an upper
curve, bend or crook.
A. arc
B. humps
C. hook
D. hitch
ANS.A
31.It refers to an introductory up and down
strokes which can be observed in some
capital letters.
A. hook
B. hitch
C. humps
D. beard
ANS.C
32. A horizontal of loop strokes which are
added to complete certain letters such as
A, H, f, D etc.
A. buckle knot
B. diacritics
C. embellishment
D. rubric
ANS.A
33. A small rounded or circular strokes
which serves as the body of the letter.
A. staff
B. shank
C. stem
D. central part
ANS.D
34. It refers to any form of changes either
an addition or a deletion to the original
content of a document.
A. erasure
B. addition
C. alteration
D. substitution
ANS.C
35.A fluid or viscous marking material
used for writing or printing.
A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Coal
D. Chalk
ANS.B
36.A document becomes questioned
documents when _____ or alterations,
this usually affect the original meaning
of a document.
A. Forge
B. Fraudule
C. Changes
D. Signature
ANS.C
37. How do you call the average force
with which the pen contacts the paper
and may be estimated from an
examination of the writing?
A. pen lift
B. pen pressure
C. pen emphasis
D. pen nibs
ANS.B
38.If a document is disputed by one or
more persons because of the materials
used in their production, then such
document is considered?
A. Questioned Document
B. Holographic Documents
C. Disputed Documents
D. Falsified Document
ANS.C
39.Questioned document examination
is known by many names except one:
A. Forensic document examination
B. Document classification
C. Handwriting examination
D. Handwriting analysis
ANS.B
40. There is freehand invitation and is
considered as the most skilful class of
forgery
A. simple forgery
B. simulated or copied forgery
C. traced forgery
D. carbon tracing
ANS.B
41. This is done by rubbing off with
rubber or scrapping off with sharp
instrument.
A. Mechanical erasure
B. Chemical solution
C. Biological erasure
D. Mechanical solution
ANS.A
42. Legally speaking, what is the
description of the act of passing,
delivering, or giving a counterfeit coin
to another person?
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Reproduction
D. Uttering
ANS.D
43. Which of these refers to the art of
determining the character or
disposition of person by analyzing his
handwriting?
A. Calligraphy
B. Graphology
C. Haplography
D. QD Examination
ANS.B
44. Standards which are prepared
upon the request of the investigator
and for the purpose of comparison
with the questioned document.
A. relative standards
B. collected standards
C. extended standards
D. requested standards
ANS.D
45. Which of the following is
considered the earliest material that
served the purpose of paper during the
ancient times?
A. Cellulose from wood pulp
B. Vegetable fiber
C. Papyrus
D. Parchment
ANS. C
46.Majority of questioned document
cases are concerned with _________?
A. Documents Age
B. Disproving Alibis
C. Proving Authorship
D. Counterfeiting
ANS.C
47. The following are characteristics of
forgery except one:
A. Presence of Natural Variation
B. Multiple Pen Lifts
C. Show bad quality of ink lines
D. Patchwork Appearance
ANS.A
48. Refers to any property, elements or
features which serve to individualized
writing. It is otherwise known as identifying
details.
A. characteristics
B. individual characteristics
C. class characteristics
D. gross characteristics
ANS.A
49.A witness who by reason of his special
technical training or experience is
permitted to express opinion regarding the
issue, or a certain aspects of the issue, that
is involved in legal proceedings?
A. Ordinary witness
B. Police investigator
C. Microscope
D. Expert witness
ANS.D
50.Two handwritings cannot be
deemed to be the writing of the same
person unless:
A. they were written by one person
B. embody no basic differences
C. involves combination of agreements
D. all of these
ANS.B
 The End
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