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COASTAL FORCES GUNNERY

 INTRODUCTION

DESIGNED AS SURFACE & CLOSE RANGE A.A. WEAPONS

HOW TO USE THE EYE SHOOTING SIGHTS PRINCIPLES

NO RANGE FINDER, DIRECTOR

DESIGNED FOR A.A AND SURFACE FIRING HAS PROBLEM

GUNS’ CREWS MUST REACT QUICKLY AND CONCENTRATE

SIGHTING
LINE OF SIGHT
 The line between the observer and the target.
ANGLE OF SIGHT
 The angle between the line of sight and line of fire along the
vertical sight plane.
LINE OF FIRE (AXIS OF BORE)
 An imaginary line along which the gun is pointing.
 Predicted
Target
Position

Present

re
Fi
Target

of
o n Position
i
t gle
ne e c
fl A n
Li
e
D ad
Le ight
S
of
i ne
L
 SIGHT

DEFLECTION

AX
IS
O
F
B
O
R
E

LIN
E
OF
SIG
HT

DEFLECTION
THE TARGET WHICH ANGLE BETWEEN PRESENT POSITION AND
FUTURE POSITION.
GUN ELEVATION
ANGLE BETWEEN LINE OF FIRE AND DECK LEVEL.

Gun Elevation

Gun Training

GUN TRAINING
ANGLE BETWEEN SHIP’S FORE AND AFT LINE AND LINE OF FIRE
IN HORIZONTAL PLANE.
 130˚ ENEMY

ENEMY FORE AND AFT LINE

ENEMY

FORE AND AFT LINE

LOS

FO

LOS
RE
180˚

A
N
D
LO

A
FT
S

LI
OWN

N
0˚

E
OWN OWN

INCLINATION
THE ANGLE BETWEEN LINE OF SIGHT PRODUCED BEYOND THE
TARGET AND DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF THE TARGET.
IT IS ZERO DEG.WHEN THE TARGET IS GOING DIRECTLY AWAY FROM
THE SHIP.
IT IS 180 DEG. WHEN THE TARGET IS COMING DIRECTLY TOWARDS
THE SHIP.
 ENEMY
ENEMY FORE AND AFT LINE

050˚
ENEMY

FORE AND AFT LINE

LOS

FO

LOS
RE
A
180˚

N
D
LO

A
FT
S

LI
OWN

N
0˚

E
OWN OWN
APPROACH ANGLE
THE ANGLE BETWEEN LINE OF SIGHT AND DIRECTION OF
FLIGHT. IT IS USED WHEN THE TARGET IS FLYING DIRECTLY
TOWARDS THE SHIP.
IT IS 180 DEG. WHEN THE TARGET IS GOING DIRECTLY AWAY
FROM THE SHIP AND
IT IS ZERO DEG. WHEN THE TARGET IS COMING DIRECTLY
TOWARDS THE SHIP.
DRIFT
DUE TO RIGHT HAND RIFLING IN THE BARREL THE SHELL SPINS
AND DRIFTS TO RIGHT DURING FLIGHT.

ft

n
Dri

ai
Tr
in
re
Fi
of
en
Li

Fore and Aft Axis

 DIRECTOR

D
I
P
GUN

DIP
IT IS AN ELEVATION CORRECTION DUE TO VERTICAL SEPARATION
BETWEEN DIRECTOR AND GUN.
 Prediction Present Position
Position

ctory
F ire

Traje

t
gh
of

Si
e
Lin

of
ne
PRESENT POSITION Li
THE POSITION OF THE TARGET AT THE TIME OF GUN FIRE.

FUTURE POSITION
THE POSITION TO WHICH THE TARGET MOVES DURING THE TIME
OF FLIGHT OF THE SHELL.
MEAN POINT OF IMPACT (MPI)
THE CENTER OF THE FALL OF SHOTS IN A SALVO.

M.P.I
MPI
RATE OF FIRE
NUMBERS OF ROUNDS THAT CAN BE FIRED BY A GUN IN ONE
MINUTE IS CALLED RATE OF FIRE.
MUZZLE VELOCITY
THE SPEED AT WHICH THE SHELL LEAVES THE MUZZLE IS
CALLED MUZZLE VELOCITY AND IT IS MEASURED IN FEET OR
METRE PER SECOND.
 Target

SALVO
ONE OR MORE GUNS OF A GROUP FIRED
SIMULTANEOUSLY AT THE SAME TARGET.
 Tafrget

BROADSIDE FIRE`
ONE OR MORE GUNS OF A GROUP FIRED
SIMULTANEOUSLY AT THE DIFFERENT
TARGET.
TIME OF FLIGHT
TIME TAKEN BY THE SHELL TO TRAVEL UP TO THE TARGET.

Predicted Target Position

Change in Range During Tf Target Travel During

Tf

Change in Elevation During Tf

Eb

Change in Bearing During Tf

RICOCHETS
WHEN GUNS ARE FIRING AT ELEVATION LESS THEN 9 DEG, THE
PROJECTILE TENDS TO GRAZE THE SURFACE OF THE SEA INSTEAD
OF PENETRATING INTO THE WATER. DUE TO THE RIGHT- HANDED
RIFLING, THE SHELL DEFLECT TO ABOUT 45 DEG RIGHT OF THE
LINE OF FIRE.

1ST 2ND 3RD

 1000 yards or 2000 yards

Maximum effective range

Line of Fire

ge
n
Ra
e r
ng
Da
het
c
i co
R

Firing Ship
TRAJECTORY
THE FLIGHT PATH OF A SHELL IS CALLED TRAJECTORY.
 h t
S ig
of
i ne
L

Deck P
lane

Horizontal Plane
 Sighting Type of sights

Cart Wheel

Gyro

Auto Vector

Telescope

Reflex
 Sighting Type of sights

Cart Wheel

Gyro

Auto Vector

Telescope

Reflex
 Sighting Type of sights

Cart Wheel

Gyro

Auto Vector

Telescope

Reflex
 Sighting Type of sights

Cart Wheel

Gyro

Auto Vector

Telescope

Reflex
 Sighting Type of sights

Cart Wheel

Gyro

Auto Vector

Telescope

Reflex
 WEAPON HANDLING

Lay and Train Together &

Train Aim off

Lay
.

.
.

Lay and Train Together Lay and Train Together &

Aim off and up Aim off
Weapon Handling Practices on Targets
 The errors are only more apparent in L.A.
 L.A shooting - splashes from the fall of shot and tracer shot.
 A.A shooting - the errors are not so often found out but tracer shot.

Weapon Handling
Practices

L.A A.A
 Points Surface Aircraft

- Larger & slower - Smaller & faster

Firing technique - Continuous fire - Continuous fire

- Hull or upper deck positions

- Type of vessel engaged and -
Point of Aim the type of gun
Nose

- Both Approach angle - Both Approach angle and

Aim 0ff and retiring angle retiring angle
- Left or right - Up, down, right, left
 Theory of L.A Eye Shooting

CASE I CASE III CASE II

the effect of
enemy’s speed Combined effect of own
and Aim off ship speed
movement

approach
approach speed
speed =
= sin
sin θ
θ** speed
speed
 Approach angle
ENEMY
ENEMY FORE AND AFT LINE
ENEMY
050˚

FORE AND AFT LINE

LOS

FO

LOS
RE
A
N
D
LO

A
FT
S

LI
OWN

N
E
OWN OWN

approaching
approaching target
target retreating
retreating target
target
towards
towards the
the bow
bow towards
towards the
the stern
stern
The angle between line of sight to the target and the fore and aft line of the target
 Approach speed
Future position Left Aim off – Fire toward the left of ship

β
ENEMY
θ Present position
Ф
AIM ION
OFF
OR LECT

β
β== inclination
inclination
LOF

F
DE

θ
θ== approach
approach angle
S

angle
LO

Ф
Ф== backward
backward approach
approach ngle
ngle

OWN SHIP

Right Aim off – Fire toward the right of ship

CASE I (Aim off for target speed)
 Table of Aim off speeds
Proportions of own Speed
Bearings of target
to use as Aim-off speed

Between 60˚ and 120˚ Full amount

45˚ or 135˚ 3\4

30˚ or 150˚ 1\2

15˚ or 165˚ 1\4

10˚ or 170˚ 1\5

5˚ or 175˚ 1\10

Right ahead or right astern NIL

 Aim off sectors
10˚ 5˚ 5˚ 10˚
15˚

one fienth
nil
15˚

fth
30˚ 30˚

r
one t

rt e
ua
45˚ 45˚

eq
lf

on
ha
60˚ e
on 60˚
er
uar t
r eeq
t h

full

90˚ 90˚

full

thr
ee
qu
art 60˚
er
60˚

on
e
ha
one

lf
one fifth
one tenth

45˚ 45˚
uar
ter

30˚ 30˚
15˚
10˚ 5˚ 5˚ 10˚ 15˚
Value
Value of
of sight
sight rule
rule of
of surface
surface firing
firing

Cables
6

12

60 45 30 0
Knots
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

ENEMY

Sp
45˚

ee
d
40
K
no
ts
Green – Right aim off
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CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

ENEMY

45˚

Red – Left aim off

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Own ship stationary
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

Speed 30 Knots
ENEMY
Example 1
90˚ θ
Enemy's speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is 90˚
aim-off speed is 30 knots to right

Enemy approach speed

= sin θ * enemy sp
= sin 90˚ * 30
= 1 * 30
= 30 knots
Own ship stationary
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

ENEMY
Example 2
Enemy's speed is 30 knots(retreat)

Sp
ee
d
Approach angle is 45˚

30
45˚

K
no
aim-off speed is 22 knots to left

ts
Enemy approach speed
= sin θ * enemy sp
= sin 45˚ * 30
= 3/4 * 30
= 22 knots
Own ship stationary
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

ENEMY
Example 3
Enemy's speed is 40 knots (toward)

Sp
Approach angle is 45˚ 45˚

ee
d
aim-off speed is 30 knots to the right

40
Kn
ot
s
Enemy approach speed
= sin θ * enemy sp
= sin 45˚ * 40
= 3/4 * 40
= 30 knots
Own ship stationary
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

Speed 30 Knots
ENEMY

Example 4
Enemy's speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is 180˚
aim-off speed is 0 knots / NIL
180˚ θ

Enemy approach speed

= sin θ * enemy sp
= sin 180˚ * 30
= 0 * 30
= 0 knots
Own ship stationary
 CASE I (Aim off for target speed)

ENEMY Speed 30 Knots

Example 5
Enemy's speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is 0˚
aim-off speed is 0 knots / NIL 0˚ θ

Enemy approach speed

= sin θ * enemy sp
= sin 0˚ * 30
= 0 * 30
= 0 knots
Own ship stationary
CASE II (Aim off for own speed)
 Aim
Aim off
off is
is towards
towards the
the stern
stern
Enemy stationary

Red – Left aim off

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0JbufBudKypf

ots
n
K
30
d
pee
S

30˚ θ

Own ship
 Aim
Aim off
off is
is towards
towards the
the stern
stern
Enemy stationary

Red – Right aim off

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,mbufBudKypf

o ts
n
K
30
eed
170˚ θ Sp

Own ship
 CASE II (Aim off for own speed)

Enemy stationary

Example 1
Own ship speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is Red 30˚
aim-off speed is 15 knots to left

Own ship approach speed

ots
= sin θ * own ship sp K
n
30
= sin 30˚ * 30 ee
d
p
= 1/2 * 30 S

= 15 knots
30˚ θ

Own ship
 CASE II (Aim off for own speed)

Enemy stationary

Example 2
Own ship speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is Red 100˚
aim-off speed is 30 knots to left

Own ship approach speed

Sp
ee
= sin θ * own ship sp

d
30
= sin 100˚ * 30

Kn
ot
= 1 * 30

s
100˚ θ
= 30 knots
Own ship
 CASE II (Aim off for own speed)

Enemy stationary
Example 3
Own ship speed is 30 knots
Approach angle is Green 170˚
aim-off speed is 6 knots to right

Own ship approach speed

= sin θ * own ship sp
ts
= sin 170˚ * 30 K
n o
= 1/5 * 30 30
eed
= 6 knots 170˚ θ Sp

Own ship
CASE III (Combined Aim off speed)
 COMPARISON WITH A.A. EYESHOOTING

both results are to the - add the two aim-off

Same direction speeds
right or to the left - the same direction

- substract the smaller

one answer is to the
different from the greater
right and the other is - the direction of the
direction
to the left greater number

both answers are of

the same amount same speed, NIL
different direction
but in different
direction
 EXAMPLES

Aim-off -Case I 30 knots right

Aim-off - Case II 25 knots right

I add same direction

Case III - Combined aim- off 55 knots right

Case I- Aim-off 15 knots left sub diff direction

Case II-Aim-off
II
35 knots right
the smaller than from
the grater

Case III - Combined aim-off 20 knots right

Case I- Aim-off
III
27 knots right

Case II-Aim-off 27 knots left

Case III- Combined aim-off NIL

 CASE III (Combined Aim off)
Example 1
Own ship speed is 20 knots En
Approach angle is Red 30˚ e m
aim-off speed is 10 knots to left y
sh
ip
Own ship approach speed sp
ee
= sin θ * own ship sp d
Aim-off -Case I - 15 knots left 20
= sin 30˚ * 20 kt
= ½ * 20 s
Aim-off - Case II - 10 knots left 45˚
= 10 knots
Combined aim- off case III - 25 knots left
Enemy ship speed is 20 knots
Approach angle is Red 45˚
aim-off speed is 15 knots to left

Enemy ship approach speed 30˚

= sin θ * own ship sp
= sin 45˚ * 20
= ¾ * 20 Own ship speed 20 kts
= 15 knots
 CASE III (Combined Aim off)
Example 2
Own ship speed is 25 knots Aim-off -Case I - 30 knots left
Approach angle is 90˚
aim-off speed is 25 to right Aim-off - Case II - 25 knots right

Own ship approach speed Combined aim- off case III - 5 knots left
= sin θ * own ship sp
= sin 90˚ * 25 Enemy ship speed
= 1 * 25 40 kts
= 25
45˚
Enemy ship speed is 40 knots
Approach angle is Red 45˚
aim-off speed is 30 knots to left

Enemy ship approach speed 90˚

= sin θ * enemy ship sp
= sin 45˚ * 40 Own ship speed 25 kts
= ¾ * 40
= 30 knots
 CASE III (Combined Aim off)

Enemy ship speed 30 kts

1 2 3 4 5

Own ship speed 30 kts

60 knots right
5 4 3 2 1
15˚

30 knots right 40 knots right 40 knots right 15 knots right

 CASE III (Combined Aim off)

Enemy ship speed 30 kts

4 3

Own ship speed 15 kts

4 3 2 1
30˚

15 knots left NIL 15 knots right 20 knots right

Spotting correction
Spotting correction
Company
LOGO

ANY QUESTION?