KONSENTRASI LARUTAN

Concentration
• In chemistry, concentration is the measure
of how much of a given substance there is
mixed with another substance.
• This can apply to any sort of chemical
mixture, but most frequently the concept is
limited to homogeneous solutions, where it
refers to the amount of solute in a
substance.
 Concentration
• To concentrate a solution, one must add
more solute, or reduce the amount of
solvent (for instance, by selective
evaporation).
• To dilute a solution, one must add more
solvent, or reduce the
amount of solute.
 Concentration
• Unless (except if) two substances are fully miscible
(capable of beeing mixed in all proportion) there
exists a concentration at which no further solute will
dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is
said to be saturated.
• If additional solute is added to a saturated solution,
it will not dissolve (except in certain circumstances
(a fact), when supersaturation may occur).
Instead,
- phase separation will occur,
- leading to either coexisting phases or a suspension
.
• The point of saturation depends on many variables
such as ambient temperature and the precise
chemical nature of the solvent and solute.
 Concentration
The most common ways to quantitatively
express concentration
1. Molarity (mol/L, molar, or M) or molar concentration
The number of moles of a given substance per liter of
solution.
M = mol/L= mol/dm3,
mM = millimolar (mmol/L, 1 thousandth of a molar),
μM = micromolars (μmol/L, 1 millionth of a molar), or
nM = nanomolars (nmol/L, 1 billionth of a molar).
2. Molality (mol/kg, molal, or m).
The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
(not solution).
Adding 1.0 mole of solute to 2.0 kilograms of solvent
constitutes a solution with a molality of ………
0,50 mol/kg.
 Concentration
3.mole fraction Χ, (also called molar
fraction).
The number of moles of solute as a proportion of
the total number of moles in a solution.
1/10in 9 moles
1 mole of solute dissolved 0,1 of solvent
has a mole fraction of …… or …...
Mole fractions are dimensionless quantities.
(The mole percentage or molar percentage,
denoted "mol %" and equal to 100% times the
mole fraction, is sometimes quoted instead of the
mole fraction.)
 Concentration
4.Mass percentage
The mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of
the mass of the entire mixture.
(Mass fraction, Xm, can be used instead of mass
percentage by dividing mass percentage to 100.)
If a bottle contains 40 grams of ethanol and 60 grams
of water, then it contains
40 ….% ethanol by mass or ….
0,40
mass fraction ethanol.
Commercial concentrated aqueous reagents
such as acids and bases are often labeled in
concentrations of weight
weight percentage
percentage with
the specific
specific gravity
gravity also listed.
 Problem
A concentrated solution of aqueous ammonia is
28.0% w/w NH3 and has a density of 0.899 g/mL.
What is the molar concentration of NH3 in this
solution?

Solution.
 

Where does this formula come from?

 Concentration
5.Mass-volume percentage
Mass-volume percentage, (sometimes referred to
as weight-volume percentage or percent weight
per volume and often abbreviated as % m/v
or % w/v), describes
the mass of the solute in g per 100 mL of the
resulting solution.
Mass-volume percentage is often used for
solutions made from a solid solute dissolved in
a liquid.
A 40% w/v sugar solution contains ……g
40 of
sugar per 100
….. mL of resulting solution.
 Concentration
6.Mass-volume ratio
A ratio of the weight of a drug dissolved in a volume of
water, is presented as, grams of solute : mL of water
(often used in medicine and pharmacology).
Epinephrine solutions where a 1 : 100,000 solution has
1 g epinephrine in100,000
…… …………….. mL water. This is
equivalent to ……..
0,01 g/L epinephrine solution.
When the volume considered is a gas, the gas' pressure
and temperature conditions must be considered. A typical
use is in air pollution emission quantification. It is very
common to find values such as 50 g/Nm3 or 50 g/m3N. The
"N" indicates that the gas is under the
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure.
 Concentration
7.Volume-volume percentage
(sometimes referred to as percent volume per
volume and abbreviated as % v/v) describes,
the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the
resulting solution.
This is most useful when a liquid - liquid solution
is being prepared, although it is used for
mixtures of gases as well.
For example, a 40% v/v ethanol solution contains
……mL
40 ethanol per 100
….. mL total volume.
 Concentration
8.The parts-per notation.
It is the ratio of the amount of the substance of
interest to the amount of that substance plus
the amount of the substance it is in.
a. Parts per hundred (denoted by '%', and
very rarely 'pph') – denotes,
the amount of a given substance in a total
amount of 100 regardless of the units of
measure as long as they are the same.
1 gram per 100 gram = 1part in 100
= 1part/100 = 1%.
 Concentration
b. Parts per thousand
(denoted by '‰' [the per mille symbol], and
occasionally 'ppt', though this should be
avoided) denotes
the amount of a given substance in a total
amount of 1000 regardless of the units of
measure as long as they are the same.
1 milligram per gram, or 1 gram per
kilogram. 1 part in 1000 = 1 ‰.
 Concentration
c. Parts per million ('ppm') denotes
the amount of a given substance in a total amount of
1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as
long as they are the same.
1 gram per 1,000,000 g = 1 milligram per kilogram.
1 part in 106 = 1ppm.
Note.
0,0001% larutan = …. ppm.
Persen yang terlalu kecil menunjukkan larutan
sangat encer. Solvent >>> jumlah solute.
Buktikan bahwa 1ppm = 1 mg/L larutan.
d. Parts per billion ('ppb') denotes
the amount of a given substance in a total amount of
1,000,000,000 regardless of the units of measure as long
as they are the same.
e.g. 1 milligram per tonne. 1 part in 109 = 1ppb.
 Concentration
e. Parts per trillion ('ppt') denotes
the amount of a given substance in a total amount
of 1,000,000,000,000 regardless of the units of
measure as long as they are the same.
1 milligram per kilotonne. 1 part in 1012 = 1ppt.
f. Parts per quadrillion ('ppq') denotes
the amount of a given substance in a total amount
of 1,000,000,000,000,000 regardless of the units of
measure as long as they are the same.
1 milligram per megatonne. 1 part in 1015 = 1ppq.
 Problems
1. Udara mengandung 0,0001 % CO. Berapa konsentrasi
CO di udara dalam ppm, ppb, dn ppt.
2. Persen CO yang sangat kecil sebaiknya dinyatakan dalam
ppm (= bpj). Demikian juga untuk larutan yang sangat
encer, lebih baik konsentrasinya dinyatakan dalam ppm
(bpj), oleh karena itu,
1 ppm larutan encer = 1 mg L-1 , Buktikan.
3. The maximum allowed concentration of chloride in a
municipal drinking water supply I 2.5 x 102 ppm Cl-.
When the supply of water exceeds this limit, it often has a
distinctive salty taste. What is this concentration in moles
Cl-/liter?
 Problems
4. Berikanlah langkah-langkah pembuatan larutan
NaOH 0,1 M sebanyak 250 mL dari padatan
NaOH.
5. Berapakah molaritas larutan amonia pekat (kadar
28.0% w/w NH3 and has a density of 0.899 g/mL).
6. Berapakah molaritas larutan amonia pekat (kadar
28.0% w/v NH3 and has a density of 0.899 g/mL).
7. Berapakah volume larutan amonia pekat (kadar
28.0% w/w NH3 and has a density of 0.899 g/mL) yang
harus diambil untuk membuat larutan amonia yang
konsentrasinya 0,1 M sebanyak 100 mL.
8. Berapakah massa CuSO4 yang harus ditimbang untuk
membuat larutan CuSO4 100 ppm sebanyak 250 mL.
9. Berikanlah langkah-langkah pembuatan larutan CuSO4
yang konsentrasi Cunya 100 ppm sebanyak 250 mL.
 Concentration
9. The formal (F)
The formal (F) is yet another measure of concentration
similar to molarity.
Formal concentrations are sometimes used when solving
chemical equilibrium problems.
It is calculated based on the formula weights of
chemicals per liter of solution.
The difference between formal and molar concentrations
is that the
- formal concentration indicates moles of the original
chemical formula in solution, without regard for the
species that actually exist in solution.
- Molar concentration, is the concentration of species
in solution.
The formal (F)
Concentration
For example:
if one dissolves sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in a litre of
water, the compound dissociates into the Na+ and CO32-
ions. Some of the CO32- reacts with the water to form
HCO3- and H2CO3.
Na2CO3 Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)
HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) + OH-
if the pH of the solution is low (its mean concentration of
H+ is greater than OH-) there is practically no Na2CO3 left
in the solution.
So, although we have added 1 mol of Na2CO3 to the
solution, it does not contain 1 M of that substance.
However, it was once said that such solutions contain 1 F
of Na2CO3.
 Concentration
10. Normality (N)
A normal is one equivalent of a solute per liter of
solution or one milliequivalent of solute per milliliter of
solution.
gram
massa molar ( Ar atau Mr )
mole        gram mole

Equivalent    gram

berat equivalent

The definition of a gram equivalent varies depending

on the type of chemical reaction that is discussed
- it can refer to -kation-anion, acids-bases, -redox
reaction.
 Normality (N)
• Gram equivqlent (berat ekivalen = BE) kation pada
reaksi kation-anion adalah jumlah (gram) kation itu
yang dalam reaksinya dapat bereaksi dengan 1 mol
anion monovalen.
• Gram ekivelen anion adalah ……………?………………
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq)  PbCl2(s)
Pada reaksi ini 1 mol kation Pb2+ setara (ekivalen)
dengan 2 mol anion Cl- atau ½ mol Pb2+ ekivalen 1mol
Cl-.
2 1 mol Pb 2 x ArPb g mol  Ar Pb gram
Berat ekivalen Pb  

2 mol Cl 2 ekivalen
Berapakah berat ekivalen Cl- pada reaksi itu?
Berapakah Berat ekivalen Ag+ pada reaksi :
3Ag+(aq) + PO43-(aq) Ag3PO4(s)
 Normality (N)
• Berat ekivalen asam pada reaksi asam-basa adalah
jumlah (gram) asam yang dalam reaksinya dapat
melepas (ekivalen) 1 mol ion H+ atau menerima
(ekivalen dengan ) 1 mol OH-.
Berat ekivalen basa adalah jumlah (gram) basa
yang dalam reaksinya dapat melepaskan (ekivalen)
1 mol ion OH- atau menerima (ekivalen) 1 mol ion
H+.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

 g ekivalen-1
BE H2SO4 =?
BE NaOH =?  g ekivalen-1
 Normality (N)
• Berat ekivalen oksidator pada reaksi redoks adalah jumlah
(gram) oksidator yang dalam reaksinya menerima 1 mol
elektron (e-).
• Berat ekivalen reduktor pada reaksi redoks adalah
……………………………………………………
Berapakah BE KMnO4 yang dalam reaksinya
mengalami perubahan:
a. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
b. MnO4- dalam
   MnO2(s)
suasanabasa

Mr KMnO4 gram
a. BE KMnO4 
5 ekivalen
Mr KMnO4 gram
b. BE KMnO4 
3 ekivalen
 Normality (N)
• Kesimpulan Berat Ekivalen Zat
Mr zat 1
BE Zat  gram ekivalen
h
Mr = Massa molekul relatif zat dalam g mol-1
h = jumlah mol H+ atau OH- yang ekivalen (dilepas/
diterima) oleh 1 mol zat pada reaksi asam-
basa, atau.
jumlah mol e- yang ekivalen (dilepas/diterima)
oleh 1 mol zat pada reaksi redoks, atau.
jumah mol kation atau anion yang tepat bereaksi
(ekivalen) dengan 1 mol anion atau kation.

Satuan h adalah ek mol-1.

 Normality (N)
Pikirkan
• 450 mg oksidator K2Cr2O7 murni, dilarutkan dalam air dan
larutan dijadikan 250 mL.
Tentukan Gram Ekivalen (Berat Ekivalen) dan
ekivalen dari K2Cr2O7 yang reaksinya :
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Jawab
Mr K 2Cr2O7 g g
BE K 2Cr2O7   49,03
6 ekivalen ekivalen
0,450 g 0,450
Ekivalen 0,450 g K 2Cr2O7   ekivalen
49,03 g 49,03
ekivalen
 Normality (N)
• Kesimpulan Ekivalen
massa gram massa gram
Ekivalen  
gram Mr gram / mol
BE
ekivalen h ekivalen / mol
gram
massa  ekivalen x BE
ekivalen
Ekivalen  mol x h ekivalen / mol
Ekivalen mol x h ekivalen / mol

L laru tan L laru tan
Normalitas  Molaritas x h ekivalen / mol
 Kesimpulan
• Ekivalen berhubungan dengan massa zat
sedangkan Berat Ekivalen tidak
berhubungan dengan massa zat.
• Normalitas tidak dapat dibuat
langsung, sedangkan Molaritas
dapat langsung dibuat baik
dengan penimbangan maupun
pengenceran
 Normality (N)
Pikirkan
1. Hitung normalitas 450 mg oksidator
K2Cr2O7 murni, yang dilarutkan dalam air
dan larutan dijadikan 250 mL.
2. a. H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Ekivalen H2SO4 =? Ekivalen NaOH =?
b.MnO4- (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + H2O(l)
Ekivalen MnO4- = ? Ekivalen Fe2+ = ?
Simpulkan tentang ekivalen zat yang bereaksi!
Ekivalen zat yang bereaksi selalu sama
V1N1 = V2N2
 Pikirkan
• Berapakah massa padatan KMnO4 yang harus
ditimbang untuk membuat 100 mL larutan KMnO4
0,1N bila dalam reaksinya dalam suasana asam
KMnO4 berubah menjadi Mn2+.
• Berapakah massa padatan KMnO4 yang harus
ditimbang untuk membuat 100 mL larutan KMnO4
0,1N bila dalam reaksinya dalam suasana basa
KMnO4 berubah menjadi MnO2.
Apa yang dapat disimpulkan dari kedua soal di atas.
 PIKIRKAN

1. Asam sulfat 10 mL akan ditentukan

molaritasnya. Untuk itu asam sulfat itu
dititrasi dengan NaOH 0,1 M dan reaksi
sempurna tercapai setelah penambahan
NaOH 10 mL. Berapakah molaritas asam
sulfat itu, hitung dengan menggunakan a.
molaritas dan b. normalitas.
• Asam sulfat 0,05 M dipakai utuk
menentukan molaritas 10 mL NaOH yang
dibuat dengan melarutkan X gram padatan
NaOH. Setelah titrasi dan reaksi sempurna
tercapai Asam sulfat yang diperlukan 10
mL. Berapakah massa NaOH yang
dilarutkan itu. hitung dengan menggunakan
a. molaritas dan b. normalitas.
2. Akan ditentukan jumlah I- dalam sampel sebagai
NaI. Maka sampel NaI ditambahkan Fe3+
berlebihan. I2 yang terjadi dari reaksi itu dititrasi
dengan Na2S2O3 0,1M dan saat reaksi sempurna
tercapai memerlukan 10 mL Na2S2O3. Hitung
jumlah NaI dalam gram dengan cara:
- Molaritas dan
- Normalitas.
 Dikerjakan di rumah
dengan cara molaritas (mol) dan Normalitas
(ekivalen)

1.2,000 g sampel juice jeruk segar diencerkan

dengan air dan disaring untuk
menghilangkan kotoran yang tidak larut
yang tersuspensi. Larutan jernih dari air
jeruk itu dititrasi dengan larutan NaOH
4,022 x 10-2M dan memerlukan 40,39 mL
untuk tercapainya titik akhir titrasi dengan
pp sebagai indikator. Hitung % asam sitrat
dalam juice jeruk itu.
2. Hidrogen peroksida pada 2,00 g antiseptic
dititrasi dengan Ce4+ 0,1036 M dalam
suasana H2SO4 1,0 M, dan ternyata
memerlukan 37,06 mL untuk mencapai
tititk akhir titrasi. Hitung persentase H 2O2
di dalam sampel antiseptic itu.
• Hitung dengan menggunakan molaritas dan
normalitas.