PRESENTED BY:- H.O.

D:- GUIDED BY :-
1. Miss. AMRITA MITRA Prof. N.J.JANWE Prof. MANISHA MORE

2. Mr.GIRIPRASAD Hungund Dept. of Comp. Tech Dept. of Comp. Tech

3. Mr. RAHUL DHAKATE R.C.E.R.T R.C.E.R.T
4. Mr. ASHIT VERMA PROJECT INCHARGE
Prof.MANISHA PISE
Dept. of Comp. Tech
R.C.E.R.T
Classification of Biometric Systems

Biometric
Features
Iris

Active Passive Ear

voice Features Retina Features

Mimic Face
Odor

Keyboard
Handwriting Hand Vein
Behavior
Fingerprint Geometry structure
Universality.

Uniqueness.

High permanence.
 Cost effective.

Most mature and proven technique.

 Fingerprint Anatomy
Fingerprint is pattern of ridges and valleys on the surface
of finger
Uniqueness determined by overall pattern of ridges and
valley and local ridge anomalies like ridge bifurcation or
ridge ending (minutiae points)

Ridges
Valleys
Minutiae

Ridges, Valleys and automatically detected

minutiae points in a fingerprint image
 Minutiae features
(local level features)
Measurement of Minutiae
Local Features Global Features
 1998: Hong proposed the use of Gabor filter for an
enhancement.
 2000: Anil k. Jain proposed filterbank based
matching technique.
 2002: Garis, Jiang and Yau proposed binarisation
method for fingerprint.
 2003: Sahil Prabhakar and sharat Pankati proposed
advancement in filterbank method.
 2005: Dinesh Kapoor and Himanshu Bhatnagar
combined filterbank with minutiae to developed new
approach called hybrid approach.
Verification /Authentication mode
Identification/Recognition mode

Objective
To produce a fingerprint verification system that
can verify print sample with the pre-established
database.
 SYSTEM DESIGN:
 Steps in feature extraction
1.Determine a reference point and region of interest for the
fingerprint image.
2.Tessellate the region of interest around the reference point.

3.Filter the region of interest in eight different direction

using a bank of Gabor filters.
4.Compute the average absolute deviation from the mean
(AAD) of gray values in individual sectors in filtered
images to define the FingerCode (feature vector)
 Reference Point is point of maximum
curvature of concave ridges in fingerprint
images.

15
Example Results
 Steps in determining the Reference
Point Location
1. Division the input image into non-overlapping block of
size w x w.
2. Computation of the gradients ∂x(i,j) and ∂y(i,j) at each
pixel (i,j).
3. Estimation the Local ridge orientation of each block
centered at pixel (I , j) by the following equations:
Reference Point Location (contd.)
4. Smoothen the Orientation field to convert the
image into continuous vector field.
 With resulting vector field do low pass
filtering with W filter.
Reference Point Location (Contd.)
 The smoothed orientation field at (i , j) is
computed as follows

5. Compute E, image containing only sine

component of smoothed orientation field.

6. Regions RI and RII are determined by

applying the reference point location
algorithm over a large database to capture
the maximum curvature in concave ridges.
 Reference Point Location
(Contd.)
7. Integrate sine component of the orientation field in
regions RI and RII .

8.Find the maximum value in A

and assign its co-ordinates to the reference point.

9. Repeat steps 1-8 for fixed number of times &

restrict the search for the reference point in the local
neighborhood of the detected reference point
Example Results
 The region of interest is divided into collection of all the
sectors Si, where

 b is width of each band, k is number of sectors

considered in each band and i=0…..(B x k-1) where B is
number of concentric bands considered around the
reference point for feature extraction.

 Parameters depend upon the image resolution and size.

 Reference point (x), the region of interest, and 80
sectors superimposed on a fingerprint.

Reference Point

Sectors
Stage-1: Normalization.
 For all the pixels in sector Si, the normalized
image is defined as,

•I(x,y) :Gray level at pixel (x,y).

• Mi and Vi :Estimated mean and variance of sector Si.
• Ni(x,y) : Normalised gray level at pixel (x,y).
• Mo and Vo : Desired mean and variance values
 General Form of Gabor Filter:

 f : frequency of the sinusoidal plane wave along the

direction θ from the x-axis.
 δx’ and δy’ : space constants of the Gaussian envelope
along x’ and y’ axes respectively.
 Smoothen

Normalized
image.

Accentute 00 , 22.50 , 450 , 67.50 filtered images

900 , 112.50 , 1350 , 157.5 0filtered images

Reconstructed image
with eight filters.
 1  
Vi    Fi  x, y   Fi 
ni  n 
 i 
 F i,θ(x ,y) :θ-direction filtered image for sector Si .
 Piθ is the mean of the pixel values of Fi,θ(x,y)
in sector Si.
 ni is the number of pixels in sector Si.
 Generation of Fingercode:

Impression-1 Impression-2

FingerCode of Impression-1 FingerCode of Impression-2

 Comparison of Euclidean distance.
(For Matching)
1.High contrast 2.Faint Print. 3.Typical Wet 4.Typical dry
print. Print. print.

5.Crease 6.Low contrast

print. print.
Image Before Image After
Enhancement . Enhancement.
(very fine level features)
 Image After Thinning.
Image Before Thinning.
 Detecting and filling gaps in ridge lines.
  Minutiae-based representation may not be able to handle following
situation.

Fingerprints from the same finger. Fingerprints from two different

fingers.

 Even the Ridge feature-based representation is not able to handle above

situation.
 Filterbank Method can comfortably handle such situation.
 Filterbank Method is faster.
 Use of FingerCode provide fast Matching.

Good accuracy & cost effective.

Even poor quality fingerprints can be handled

by Filterbank Method.
•Ability to work with incomplete input images.

This Method uses Local as well as Global features of fingerprint.

This technique can be amenable to any hardware
implementation.
Susceptible to non-elastic distortions.
Every stage in processing is dependent on
one another.
Small contact area of the sensors alleviates the
deformation problem.
Computationally expensive than the other
methods.
1.Banking/Financial services.
2.Computer & IT Security.
3.Healthcare.
4.Immigration.
5.Law and Order.
6.Gatekeeper/Door Access Control.
7.Time and Attendance.
8.Consumer Products.
 One of the latest use of the technology is on the Afghan- Pakistan border
where the UN uses fingerprint verification to identify refugees. About
2000 refugees a day are being identified, it is hoped the system will cut
down on refugees fraudulently claiming more than one aid package.

Fingerprint technology is increasingly being used by the aviation

industry. New projects include fingerprint recognition of over 1,600
staff at London City Airport and a system to identify customers for
some United Airline flights from Heathrow to the US.

ID-card containing fingerprint is issued for identification in

Brunei.
Optical sensors.
Ultrasound sensors.

Chip-based sensors.

Thermal sensors.

 Integrated products.
 Electro-optical sensor
[DELSY® CMOS sensor ]

Optical fingerprint sensor

[Fingerprint Identification Unit
by Sony]

Capacitive sensor
[FingerTIP™ by Infineon]
 Thermal sensor
[FingerChip™ by ATMEL
(was: Thomson CSF)]

E-Field Sensor
[FingerLoc™ by Authentec]
 [BioMouse™ Plus by American Biometric Company]

Physical Access Control System

[BioGate Tower by Bergdata] [ID Mouse by Siemens]
 Keyboard [G 81-12000
by Cherry]

System including
[TravelMate 740 by Compaq fingerprint sensor,
and Acer] smartcard reader and
display by DELSY
In this project, we provide you an overview of the fingerprint-based
personal verification. We outline some of the important issues
involved in the design of fingerprint based identification systems
and present algorithms for fingerprint feature extraction,
enhancement, and matching.
Our technique exploits both the local and global
characteristics in a fingerprint image to verify an identity. The
matching stage computes the Euclidean distance between the
template FingerCode and the input FingerCode.
The primary advantage of our approach is its
computationally attractive matching capability.
Reference Books:
1.’Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition’ by Anil.K.Jain,Lin Hong.
2.’ Fingerprint Image Enhancement:Algorithms &
Performance Evaluation’ by Arun Ross,
Salil Prabhakar,Sharath Pankanti.
3.’Automated Fingerprint Identification & Imaging Systems’ by
Sharath Pankanti, Anil.K.Jain.
www.veritouch.com
www.mathworks.com
www.biometricsystems.com