PUMPS

Definition
• It is a turbo machine that adds energy to a
liquid to move it from one point to another
(from a lower to a higher elevation).
 Centrifugal Pumps
• A pump that employs centrifugal force for
pumping liquid.
• Commonly used pump
Centrifugal Pump Construction
• Volute –is the gradually expanding
casing (spiral) which converts the
velocity head in pressure head.

• Impeller – the rotating element

which forces the liquid into a rotary
motion.

• Drive shaft – is the driver that puts

the impeller into rotary motion.

• Impeller eye- is the center or hollow

portion of the impeller where the
fluid from the suction pipe enters.
Energy Equation based on •  
Assume: No heat added or rejected,
no change in internal energy and no
the steady flow of fluid
pump loss.
Illustration 1

Available energies (ft-lbs)

Flow energy = flow x Pressure head

=W

Kinetic Energy = flow x Velocity Head

=W

Potential Energy = flow x Elevation or

Potential head
= Wz

Ein = Eout
Energy Equation based on
the steady flow of fluid
Illustration 2

*Conduit – a channel for conveying fluids.

Using Bernoulli’s theorem
*Bernoulli’s theorem-total energy of the fluid is equal to
the sum of the heads.
Energy Equation based on
the steady flow of fluid
Continuity Equation
-After steady conditions have been
established, the weight of fluid per
unit of time passing any point is
constant.
Q1 =Q2
Q1 = A1 V1
Q2 = A2 V2
 Head
• Head
  is the energy of a
fluid which is its ability
to do work.
4 Heads Acting on Pump
a) Pressure head , ; ft
b) Static head, Z
c) Velocity head , ; ft
d) Friction head, hf
• Pressure, psig:
(+)above 0 gage (atmosphere)
(-) below 0 gage (atmosphere)
• Static Head
(+) above pump centerline
(-) below pump centerline
• Pump efficiency ,
ηp = output/input
Symbols
 Sample Problems
1. Water at 100°F in close container (open to
atmosphere). The pressure at the bottom of
the container is 30 psig. Find level of water
from the bottom.
2. a.) Solve for Pg

b.) If liquid is gasoline with

S.G = 0.8 and Hp = 2.31 ft
gauge. Solve for Pg
EXAMPLE with SOLUTION
Density ρ of various liquids:
Static Heads
Other Typical Discharge Arrangement
 Definition
1. Static Suction Lift
– The suction liquid level is below the pump centerline.
– The difference in elevation between the centerline of the pump and the level of the liquid in the suction
tank.

2. Static Suction Head

– The suction liquid is above the pump centerline.
– The difference in elevation between the centerline of the pump and the level of the liquid in the suction
tank.

3. Static Discharge Head

– The difference in elevation between the centerline of the pump and the level of the liquid in the
discharge tank

4. Dynamic Head
– The head wherein the velocity head, friction head, pressure head and other losses are taken into
consideration aside from the static head
 Sample Problem
1. Find the power input required by the pump if
pump efficiency is 75%.
2. Find the power input required by the pump if
pump efficiency is 80%.
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• The difference between the dynamic suction head (H s) and the vapor pressure head
•  
(Hvap), corresponding to the temperature of the liquid.

NPSH = Hs-Hvap

NPSH(Hvap) = (english Unit) or (S.I Unit)

= saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of liquid

• Depends on the suction lift and temperature of liquid because as the lift and
temperature increases the available NPSH decreases.

• Must be at least equal or greater than the required NPSH (stated by the
manufacturer) of the pump in order to prevent cavitation.
 Cavitation
• Formation of cavities or bubbles filled with
air/vapor in the lower pressure side of the
pump and will be carried to the high pressure
side of the pump where they will collapse
causing the wear and tear of the mechanical
parts. This will cause the pump to vibrate and
reduce or loss of pump capacity.
 Cavitation Constant σ
• The constant use to
evaluate the cavitation
characteristics of
impeller of different
specific speed. The
relationship with NPSH
is,
NPSH = σ HT
Sample Problems
Centrifugal Pump Characteristics
Example
Pump Operations
Priming
Displacement Pumps
A. Reciprocating
B.Rotary Pump