MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION
TO
GLOBALIZATION
 History of Globalization
• It a fairly recent concept 1. Cultural exchange
and vocabulary 2. Dissemination of
• knowledge
• Emerged forcefully in
3. Trade of goods and
1990s services
• Important
• Its processes are as
developments in early
old as history itself part of the 20th century
because human race
accelerated these
have always engaged in:
processes:
 US China

Other
UK
countries

France
 Globalization
Refers to the intensification
and expansion of political
relations across the globe

(Steger, Manfred B. https://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Political-globalization)

 Three Dimensions
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Social
 Political

Economics

Social
 Political Globalization
It refers to the
intensification and
expansion of political
relations across the globe.
Steger, Manfred B.
( https: //en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Political-globalization.)
Economic Globalization
• Refers to the widespread
international movements of
goods, capital , services ,
technology and information .
 Social Globalization
Pertains to human interaction
within cultural communities
encompassing topics like
family, religion, work and
education.
 Causes of Globalization
1. Technological Advances
2. Policies that encourage
international business relations
3. Business Outsourcing
4. Education
5. Mass Media
 Advantages of Globalization
1.Reduce trade barriers such as tariffs
2. Represents free trade
3. Competition among countries
4. Chance for poor countries to develop
5. Globalization and democracy will go
hand in hand.
6. Worldwide market
7. World market is created instead of
compartmentalized power sector
8. Influx of information between
countries
9. Cultural intermingling
10. Financial interest, corporations
and government are trying to sort out
ecological problems
11. People have become more open and
tolerant towards each other.
12. Speedy travel , mass communications and
quick dissemination of information through the
internet .
13. Labour can move from one country to
another to market their skills.
14.Sharing technology with developing nations
will help them progress .
15. Transnational companies installing plants in
other countries provide employment.
Disadvantages of Globalization
1. Rich countries will become richer while the poor becomes
poorer.

2. Trade barriers are not really eliminated .

3. Jobs are lost in developed countries and transferred to lower

cost-countries.

4. Workers in developed countries like the United States face

pay-cut demand from employers who threaten to export jobs.

5. Large multi-national corporations put-up tax havens in other

countries to avoid taxes .
6. Multi-national corporations are accused of :
• Social injustice
• Unfair working conditions
• Lack of concern for the environment
7.Multi-nationals are increasingly influencing
political decisions .
8. Technologies are at risks of being copied or
stolen.
9. Globalization is not working for the majority of
the world.
10. Globalization leads to incursion of
communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS.
11. Leads to exploitation of labor.
12 . Social welfare schemes are under
great pressure in developed countries
like deficits and job losses.
 References:
Collins, Mike (2015).Reinventing America
.https:www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/05/06/
the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization/#15a8892cccce
Datco, Alison(2018)What is Social Globalization.https://
classroom.synonym.com/ what is globalization.
12084134.html.
Steger, Manfred (2016 ).https/enwikipedia.org/wiki/Political-
globalization.
Steger, Manfred (2014). The Global Studies reader. Second
Edition. Oxford University Press. Higher Education
Division.
Steger, Manfred B. (2008) The Rise of Global Imaginary.
Oxford University Press.