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Pernicious Normocytic
Diet
Other causes
Folic acid
u No neurological damage
u Dietary deficiency
u Vnfants
u pregnancy
u Alcoholics
u Malabsorption from jejunum in coeliac disease,
tropical sprue, anticonvulsant drugs
u Vnterference with folate metabolism ± cytotoxic drugs
m
2
2
u Two types
u Congenital haemolytic anaemia
u Thalassaemia Anaemia
u HDN
u Synthesis of abnormal Hb
u Abnormal Hb formed
u On deoxygenation, erythrocytes become sickle
shaped
u Sickling becomes permanent if there is high
amount of abnormal Hb
u Decreased life span of èBC early haemolysis
u Vncreased viscosity of blood ishaemia
infarction
2
Complications
u Pregnancy, infection, dehydration increases
predisposition
u Formation of gall stones and inflammation of
gall bladder
M
u Normocytic Anaemia
u Proportion of reticulocytes in the blood
increased
u Caused due to
u Chronic disease condition: chronic inflammation
u Haemolytic disease
u Severe haemorrhage
u Polycythaemia ± excess èBCs that increase blood
viscosity
u èelative increase in erythrocyte count
u Count is normal but there is decrease in volume
u True increase in erythrocyte count
u
:: Prolonged hypoxia
u :: hypoxia of red bone marrow due to cigarette
smoking, pulmonary diseases, bone marrow cancer
u r
u : : Abnormal and excessive production of
erythrocyte precursors. This raises the Hb level and
haematocrit
G
u Sudden onset
u Affects poorly differentiated and immature blast cells
u Tumors are aggressive and there is rapid progression of
disease
u Bone marrow is packed with large number of abnormal cells
u Bone marrow invasion impairs its function as a result
anaemias, hemorrhage and infections occur
G M
u 2
2ëG
u Proliferation of myeloblasts
u èisk increases with increasing age
u Can be cured
u 2
2GG
u Occurs more often in children
u Affects primitive B-
B-lymphocytes
G M
u ½
u Onset is gradual
u ½
u Vnvolves proliferation of B-
B-lymphocytes
u Often seen in elderly
m
u Thrombocytopenia
u Vitamin K deficieny
u DVC
u Congenital disorders
M
u Thrombocytopenia ± condition where the number of
circulating platelets is deficient (count below 150,000/ mm3)
u Platelet counts less than 50,000/mm3 is diagnostic for this
condition
u Patients show petechiae (small purple blotches on the skin)
due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage
u Caused by
u èeduced platelet production: suppression or destruction
of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation, cytotoxic
drugs)
u Vncreased platelet destruction
V
½ V½
u Disseminated Vntravascular Coagulation (DVC): widespread
clotting in intact blood vessels
u Tiny intravascular clots form and fibrin is deposited in small
blood vessels and internal organs
u As the small clots consume coagulation proteins and platelets,
normal coagulation is disrupted
u Abnormal bleeding occurs from the skin, the git & the respiratory
tract
u The small clots also disrupt normal blood flow to organs
u Most common as:
u A complication of pregnancy (premature separation of
placenta when amniotic fluid enters maternal blood)
u A result of septicemia or incompatible blood transfusions
u Acute pancreatitis (digestive enzymes are released into the
blood)
u Malignant tumors
m
r
XV
u Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and
disabled joints
u Treatment is with blood transfusions and the injection of
missing factors