Course RF100

Wireless
Wireless CDMA
CDMA RF
RF
Engineering:
Engineering: Week
Week 11
Course created, written and illustrated by:
Scott Baxter
Scott Baxter & Associates
P.O. Box 158777
Nashville, Tennessee 37215 Course annotated and presented by:
800 890-0829 David Snavely, P.E.
Fax: 615 793-3199 David Snavely, P.A.
Scott_Baxter@msn.com 6299 W. Sunrise Blvd., Suite 205
www.howcdmaworks.com Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33313
954 792 9379
Fax: 954 792-1939
davidsnavely@worldnet.att.net
www.davidsnavely.com

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-1

 Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training
Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
•Class introductions •Introduction to CDMA • Introduction to CDMA •RF Propagation •Critical CDMA Issues
•Topics introduction (ctd.) (ctd.) • Physics •Interference control
•Wireless Industry Intro. •CDMA’s Codes • Handoff Process • Mechanisms •Managing Soft HO%
•Modulation Techniques •Fwd & Rev Channels •Ec/Io, Eb/No • Models •Capacity constraints
•Analog modulation •System Architecture •phone’s limitations • Link Budgets •Sys Architecture details
•Digital modulation •Power Control •Call Processing • Margins •Lucent
•Introduction to CDMA •Phone Architecture • CDMA Messages • Tools •Nortel Networks
•Spread Spectrum • CDMA Flow Examples •Wireless Antennas •Motorola System
Principles • Intro: Principles •Growth Mgt.
•Multiple Access • Families/Types •Multiple carriers
• Choosing the right •Intercarrier Handoff
antenna •Intro to Optimization
• Selecting ants.

Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
•Optimization Overview •Intro to Mobile Tools •Handsets as test tools •SPCS Corporate RF
•RF100 Fast Review •Collection Tools •Drive-Test Demo Lab Benchmarking Overview
•General Q&A •Grayson, LCC, HP •RSAT/Collect 2000! •PN Scanner Lab
•Meet the CDMA •PN Scanners •Grayson Inspector •HP, Grayson,
performance indicators •HP, Grayson, •Data Analysis and Post- Berkeley
•Signatures of CDMA Berkeley Processing •Gathering data,
transmission problems •Post-processing •Analyzer, DeskCat interpreting problems
•The classic CDMA •Analyzer, DeskCat •what events did you •Applied Optimization
death scenario •Drive-test Demo files see? •common scenarios
•Introduction to •Grayson •Identifying root
Performance Data •LCC causes
•System-side tools and •Intro to Post-Processing •Parameter &
their implications •Analyzer, DeskCat configuration changes

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-2

 RF100 Chapter 1

Wireless
Wireless Systems:
Systems:
How
How did
did we
we get
get here?
here? What’s
What’s itit all
all about?
about?

MTS,
IMTS

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-3

 Radio Hasn’t Been Around Long!

Days before radio.....

• 1680 Newton first suggested
concept of spectrum, but for
visible light only
• 1831 Faraday demonstrated that
N S light, electricity, and magnetism
U are related
• 1864 Maxwell’s Equations:
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY spectrum includes more than light
• 1890’s First successful demos of
radio transmission

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-4

 First Wired Communication: Telegraphy
 Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a
sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years,
and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he
patented in 1837.
 Derivatives of Morse’s binary code are still in use today
 The US Congress funded a demonstration line from
Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.
 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming
into use. The railroads soon were using them for train
dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle
time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide. Samuel F. B. Morse
 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed. at the peak of his career

Submarine Cable Installation Field Telegraphy

news sketch from the 1850s during the US Civil War, 1860s
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-5
 Wired Communication for Everyone:
Telephony
 By the 1870’s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for
granted by the public, government, and business.
 In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying
actual voices over wires.
 Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late
1890’s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA.

Alexander Graham Bell and his phone

from 1876 demonstration Telephone Line Installation Crew
1880s
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-6
 Radio Milestones
 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of
existence of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies
 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio
telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy
 1897: the British fund Marconi’s development of reliable radio
telegraphy over ranges of 100 km
 1902: Marconi’s successful trans-Atlantic demonstration
 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio
 1906: Lee De Forest invents “audion,” triode vacuum tube
Guglielmo Marconi
• feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals
radio pioneer, 1895
 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I
 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting
 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of
incoming German planes during WW II
 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS,
Mobile Telephone Service
MTS,
 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical
IMTS
 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service
 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs
 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems
Lee De Forest
 1995: First Personal Communications Services system goesvacuum tube inventor
live

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-7

 Overview of the Radio Spectrum
Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems
AM LORAN Marine
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz
3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
30,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
7

VHF LOW Band VHF TV 2-6 FM VHF VHF TV 7-13

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz
Cellular DCS, PCS
UHF UHF TV 14-69 GPS
0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
10

Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony

Terrestrial Microwave Satellite
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-8
 Development of North American Cellular
 In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission)
allocated 40 MHz of spectrum in the 800 MHz range for public mobile
telephony.
 FCC adopted Bell Lab’s AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Service) standard, creating
cellular as we know it today 333 MSAs
• The USA was divided into 333 MSAs
(Metropolitan Service Areas) and over
300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas)
300+ RSAs
 In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz of “expanded spectrum.”
 By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at
least one system operating.
 In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular
• TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)
• CDMA (IS-95)
 US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees
(typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost.

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1-9

 North American Cellular Spectrum
Uplink Frequencies Downlink Frequencies
(“Reverse Path”) (“Forward Path”)

824 835 845 849

Frequency, MHz 870 880
89 89
0 4
A B Paging, ESMR, etc. A B
825 846.5 869 891.5

Frequencies used by “A” Cellular Operator

Ownership and Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies
Licensing Frequencies used by “B” Cellular Operator
Initial ownership by Wireline companies

 In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted

• “A” licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only
• “B” licenses awarded to existing telephone companies only
• subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 10

 Development of North America PCS
 By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded
and looking for capacity relief
• The FCC allocated 120 MHz of spectrum around 1900
MHz for new wireless telephony known as PCS
(Personal Communications Services), and 20 MHz for
unlicensed services
51 MTAs
• allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses
were auctioned to highest bidders 493 BTAs
 PCS Licensing and Auction Details
• A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas )
• Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995)
• C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)
• C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996)
• Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology
• About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These
openings were later re-auctioned
PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA
unlic. unlic.
A D B E F C data voice A D B E F C
15 5 15 5 5 15 15 5 15 5 5 15
1850 1910 1930 1990
MHz Ch. 25: 1850 + (.05 (25)) = 1851.25 MHz MHz Ch. 25: 1930 + (.05 (25)) = 1931.25 MHz
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 11
 Major PCS Auction Winners
The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies
 Sprint PCS
Sprint PCS • Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable
CDMA • Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks
• Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets
• CDMA: Mix of Nortel Networks, Lucent, Motorola
 AT&T Wireless Systems
AT&T Wireless • Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks
IS-136
• will combine and integrate service between its new
1900 MHz systems and its former McCaw cellular
800 MHz properties
• IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment
Primeco  Other CDMA Operators
CDMA • Primeco: partnership of various operators
• GTE, others
 GSM Operators
Western Aerial • Western Wireless, Omnipoint, BellSouth, GTE,
Wireless
OmniPoint Powertel, Pacific Bell
Pacific
• Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel Networks
Bell
GSM BellSouth
Powertel
networks
 For complete information, check www.fcc.gov

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 12

Progress in Radio Technology Development

Systems, Signals, & Devices

Radio Communication Systems

HFAmateur VHFLand Mobile Mobile Telephony30-50MHz
Marine Microwave Microwave 150MHz

Military RADAR Point-to-Point Satellite

450MHz

AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz 800MHz

VHF-TV Bcst 1900MHz
UHF-TV Bcst

Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Devices Spark Vacuum Discrete MSI VLSI,
Tubes Transistors LSI ASICS

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Time
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 13
Evolution of Wireless Telephony

Standards, Technologies, & Capacity

Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz AMPS800MHz PCS1900MHz
GSM
450MHz N_AMPS CDMA
TDMA TDMA
Technology Evolution CDMA ESMR800MHz
Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation Access Strategies
DQPSK FDMA

GMSK TDMA

Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI,

CDMA ASICs

System Capacity Evolution - Users

Dozens Hundreds 100,000s 1,000,000s

1960 1990
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System PCS = Personal Communication Services
N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA = Digital AMPS-based (IS-136) TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 14
 Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics

Trends in Radio Communications

Technology: Analog Digital

System
Organization: Centralized Distributed

Cost per Subscriber

System Capacity
System Complexity
Radio Frequencies Used
Time

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 15

 End of Section

June 2001 RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter 1 - 16