Materi 3 Pembatubaraan

FAKTOR & PROSES

Genesa & Eksplorasi

Batubara
Linda Permata, S.T., M.Eng., M.T.
 Capaian Pembelajaran

Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses

pembatubaraan

Mampu menjelaskan kualitas batubara, serta

membedakan parameter kualitas

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 Outline: THE COALIFICATION PROCESS
» Biochemical peatification
» Geochemical coalification
» Measuring the degree of coalification
» Causes of coalification
» Coal maturity and diagenesis of country rocks

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The natural process
system, which transforms diagenesis Carbonization
plant material into coal, is Coalification
maturation anoxic

called coalification heating of

wood
Gümbel (1883)
Decomposition of A Plant
(Kogel-Knabner 1993)

Dead plant matter Microbial Synthesis of humic Solid humic

in the swamp respiration macromolecules substances Redox-
stratification
(Koretsky et al. 2007)

Oxic
|
Suboxic
dissolved oxygen |
Sulphidic
dissolved Fe(II) and Mn(II) |
dissolved H2S Methane zones

anaerobic methanogenesis

Biochemical Peatification
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 Biochemical Peatification - Products (Hatcher & Clifford 1997)

Microbial Parts of A Plant Products

» Archaea » Sugars, starch, protein » Metabolized into humic
» Cellulose macromolecules
» Pectine » Transformation into
» Lignin solid humic substances
» Cork (suberine), tannine under preservation of
» Bacteria » Lipids (pollen, spores shape
and cuticles) » In part microbially
decomposed, wax and
resins remain
unaffected
» Actinomycetes » Preserve both shape
and material
composition

» Fungi

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 Decomposition of A Plant
(Kogel-Knabner 1993) Humification
limited oxidation of
Dead plant matter Microbial Synthesis of humic Solid humic lignin, cellulose and
in the swamp respiration macromolecules substances proteins
Biogenic
Gelification
dissolved oxygen

abiotic changes : dissolved Fe(II) and Mn(II)

condensation,
dissolved H2S
polymerization and
reduction take place
anaerobic methanogenesis
below ~10 m under the
surface

1. a rather basic pH of the swamp

2. the availability of sufficient nutrients (Ca, P, K,N)
3. elevated temperature
4. free oxygen in surface water. Burial of the peat by alluvial, limnic or marine
sediments terminates the biochemical peati-
Biochemical Peatification fication process, and geochemical coalification
Gümbel (1883) takes over.
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Metamorphism or diagenesis?
(Hower & Gayer 2002)

Humins evolve during coalification by increasing

aromatization, condensation and clustering.
(Hatcher & Clifford 1997)

During coalification,
Hofrichter (1999) elemental ratios of H/C
(Seyler’s 1933)
and O/C change, and decomposition reactions
liberate water, CH4 and CO2 or CO.
(Kopp et al. 2000)
Oberlin et al (1980)

Hokkaido Peat
Mursito & Hirajima (2012)

Kandungan karbon,
hidrogen dan oksigen
pada batubara dengan
rank yang berbeda
(tanpa abu dan
moisture) Geochemical
coalification
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 Geochemical
coalification
Physical and chemical changes in coal during coalification
(Gao, Mastalerz & Schimmelmann 2014)

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 Stach et al. 1975 Taylor et al. 1998
ASTM & DIN calculated to dry and mineral matter free, i.e. pure
coal substance]

Degree of
coalification
How to measure?

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 Causes of coalification Geothermal coalification by subsidence
Sweeny & Burnham (1990)

» time, because older coal is commonly of higher rank;

» temperature, because coal in proximity of igneus
rocks is upgraded and deeper coal is subject to higher
heat flow;
» pressure, which also rises with depth;
» tectonic strain, as in the same basin undeformed coal
tends to display lower rank compared to folded seams;
and
» swamp facies, which partly controls volatile matter
content.

ARRHENIUS-equation describing the kinetics of an

endothermic chemical reaction (here coalification)
Generation of thermogenic gas from coal with increasing
thermal maturity. (Gao, Mastalerz & Schimmelmann 2014)

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 Generally, coal affected by the heat aureole of magmas
Causes of coalification displays reduced moisture and volatile matter content (higher
rank), where as ash yield increases. Black coal is visibly altered
» time, because older coal is commonly of higher rank; above 300oC and, above 500oC, obtains an appearance that
» temperature, because coal in proximity of igneus resembles industrial coke
rocks is upgraded and deeper coal is subject to higher
heat flow;
» pressure, which also rises with depth;
» tectonic strain, as in the same basin undeformed coal
tends to display lower rank compared to folded seams;
and
» swamp facies, which partly controls volatile matter
content.

Satyana and Silitonga, 1994

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 Causes of coalification
» time, because older coal is commonly of higher rank;
» temperature, because coal in proximity of igneus
rocks is upgraded and deeper coal is subject to higher compaction and decreasing
heat flow; lithostatic stress dewatering porosity
» pressure, which also rises with depth;
fluid pressure coalification by-products, such as H2O,
» tectonic strain, as in the same basin undeformed coal CO2,CH4, higher hydrocarbons and N
tends to display lower rank compared to folded seams;
and
» swamp facies, which partly controls volatile matter
content.

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 Causes of coalification The parallel pattern of folded seam Sonnenschein in the
Bochum synclinorium (Northern Germany) and the isovole
» time, because older coal is commonly of higher rank; 22%V.M. proves that coalification took place before
» temperature, because coal in proximity of igneus deformation. Taylor et al. (1998)
rocks is upgraded and deeper coal is subject to higher
heat flow;
» pressure, which also rises with depth;
» tectonic strain, as in the same basin undeformed coal
tends to display lower rank compared to folded seams;
and
» swamp facies, which partly controls volatile matter
Pre-, syn- and post-tectonic relations between folded seams
content.
and the position of lines of equal coal rank (isovoles or
isoreflectance limits) Taylor et al. (1998)

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 Causes of coalification
» time, because older coal is commonly of higher rank;
» temperature, because coal in proximity of igneus
rocks is upgraded and deeper coal is subject to higher
heat flow;
» pressure, which also rises with depth;

rank decreases
» tectonic strain, as in the same basin undeformed coal
tends to display lower rank compared to folded seams;
and
» swamp facies, which partly controls volatile matter
content.

Flores (2014)
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 Insert or Drag & Drop your Photo

Coal maturity and diagenesis of

country rocks
coal rank and lithification grade of host rocks

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 Capaian Pembelajaran

Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses

pembatubaraan

Mampu menjelaskan kualitas batubara, serta

membedakan parameter kualitas

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 Outline: COAL DEPOSITS
» Types and dimensions of coal seams
» Concordant and discordant clastic sediments in coal seams
» Host rocks of coal
» Marker beds in coal formations
» Coal formation in geological space and time

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 Outline: POST-DEPOSITIONAL CHANGES OF COAL SEAMS
» Tectonic deformation
» Epigenetic mineralization of coal seams
» Exogenetic alteration of coal

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 Outline: APPLICATIONS OF COAL GEOLOGY
» Exploration
» Reserve estimation
» Coal mining geology
» Environmental aspects of coal mining

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 Hardgrove Abrasion
Trace
Index Index Roga
Element
Analysis Index

Forms of Gray-King
Sulphur Coke Type

Dilatometry

FSI Parameter Plastometry Target Sampling

AFT Kualitas Total 1. Informasi kualitas
Moisture
2. Informasi sifat teknis
Ash Proximate 3. Perhitungan cadangan
Analysis Analysis
4. Informasi dasar
Ultimate
Calorific perencanaan tambang
Value
Analysis Total 5. dll
Sulphur

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 Sampling & Basis Data
Ilustrasi

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 Sampling & Basis Data
Ilustrasi

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Thank You
Ketua Kelas
Malik
0822-8186-3411
TG