Intermolecular

Forces of Attraction
Properties of Matter Molecular Behavior

solid liquid gas

Volume/Shape

Density

Compressibility

Motion of Molecules
Intermolecular
Forces
Properties of Matter Molecular Behavior

solid liquid gas

Volume/Shape fixed volume; fixed Fixed volume; Assumes volume

shape (regardless assumes shape of and shape of
of size and shape of occupied part of container
container container
Density high high low

Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be Easy to compress

compressed compressed

Motion of Molecules less random, medium Random, fast, cover

Intermolecular
speed, limited large distances Forces
distances
States of Matter

Intermolecular
Forces
The Three Phases of Matter

condensed phases
Electrostatic Forces

 Intramolecular forces: the forces that

exist within the molecule.

 Intermolecular forces: attractive forces

that exist between molecules.
Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
 was born on November 23,
1837 in Leyden, The
Netherlands.
 In his 1873 thesis, van der
Waals noted the non-ideality
of real gases and attributed
it to the existence
of intermolecular
interactions.
Inter-Ionic Forces
On the other
hand, inter-ionic
forces are forces
that hold ions
together.
 Ion–Dipole Interactions
• Ion–dipole interactions are important in solutions
of ions.
• The strength of these forces is what makes it
possible for ionic substances to dissolve in polar
solvents.

Intermolecular
Forces
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ion-Dipole Forces
Exist in the attraction between a charged particle
called ion (which can be a positively charged
cation or a negatively charged anion) and a polar.
This exhibited in hydration, or the interaction of
water molecules with the cations and anions of
ionic compounds dissolved in water.
When NaCl is dissolved in water (H2O), NaCl will dissociate
into sodium cations (Na+) and chlorine anions (Cl-).
Because water is a polar molecule and has a partial negative
and partial positive poles, the Na+ will form an ion-dipole
interaction with the partial negative part of water molecule
(O), while Cl- will form an ion-dipole interaction with the
partial positive part of the water molecule (H+).
 Dipole-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole forces are
attractive forces existing
between polar molecules
(molecules that exhibit dipole
moment), such as HCl.
Because there is
unequal sharing of
electron between H and
Cl atoms, partial positive
and partial negative
poles exist and are
referred to as a dipole.
15
The more electronegative atom becomes
partially negative and has most electron
density, whereas the least electronegative
becomes partially positive and has a lesser
electron density.
 “Like Dissolves Like”
• Polar liquids are miscible with other polar liquids, but
not with nonpolar liquids.
 Hydrogen - bonding

• H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole

attraction that is very strong

• It occurs when F, O, or N are bonded to H

• They are given a special name (H-bonding)

because compounds containing these forces are
important in biological systems
The water molecule
is a very good
example of a
substance that
exhibits hydrogen
bonding.
H
Dispersion Forces or London Forces
Are the weakest attractive force that are
formed due to the temporary dipoles induced
in non-polar molecules.
This force is also called induced-dipole-
induced-dipole attraction.
The London dispersion force is the weakest
intermolecular force because it has only a temporary
attractive force.
Dispersion force exist when the electrons in two
adjacent atoms attract and induce temporary dipoles.
This forces is sometimes called induced-dipole
attraction.
Intermolecular and Inter-ionic Forces of Attraction
Type of Interaction Interacting Particles
Dispersion All molecules (especially
nonpolar molecules
Dipole-dipole Polar molecules
Ion-dipole Ions and polar molecules
Ion-ion Ions (cations and anions)
Hydrogen bond N, O, or F bonded with H atom