INTERACTIONS AMONG PATHOGENS,

HOSTS,
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Pathogen Host Environment
•Virulence •Health status •Physical factors
•Portal of entry •Nutritional •Availability of
•Number of status reservoirs, intermediate
organisms that •Other factors hosts, and vectors
enter the body pertaining to •Sanitary and housing
susceptibility of conditions; adequate
the host waste disposal
•Availability of potable
water
 CHAIN OF INFECTION
There must be:
1. A pathogen
2. A source of the pathogen
3. A portal of exit
4. A mode of transmission
5. A portal of entry
6. A susceptible host
CHAIN OF INFECTION
 RESERVOIRS OF INFECTION
(Living Reservoirs)
Human carriers
- passive carrier carry without having disease
- incubatory carrier transmit during incubation period
- convalescent carrier transmit while recovering from
the disease
- active carrier carry after fully recovering

Animals

- zoonotic diseases or
zoonoses
Arthropods
- vectors
 RESERVOIRS OF INFECTION
(Nonliving Reservoirs)

Air colds and influenza

Soil and dust tetanus and botulism
Food, milk and water amebiasis, cholera
Fomites scabies