Skin and Epithelial tissues

 DR. OKELLO MICHAEL / DR. MWAKA ERISA

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Four basic types of tissues
 Epithelium - cover
 Connective tissue- support
 Muscle tissue- movement
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Nervous tissue- control & coordination
Skin has all the 4 tissues & most organs do

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Integumentary System
 Skin
 Skin appendages
 Nails
 Hair and hair follicles
 Sweat glands
 Sebaceous glands
Two major layers of the skin
 Epidermis
 Dermis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of skin
 Protection
 Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
 Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
 Screens UV
 Synthesizes vitamin D with UV
 Regulates body heat
 Prevents unnecessary water loss
 Sensory reception (nerve endings)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

*Dermis layers *Dermal papillae

Meissners corpuscle-touch, pacinian- pressure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Skin appendages: Nails
 Of hard keratin
 Corresponds to hooves and claws
 Grows from nail matrix

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Hair & hair follicles: complex derived from epidermis & dermis , Found
everywhere except palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia

*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle

* Hair bulb: epithelial
cells surrounding
papilla

Hair papilla
is connective
tissue________________

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Entire body
except palms and
soles

 Produce sebum
by holocrine
secretion

 Oils and
lubricates

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Sweat glands
 Entire skin surface
except nipples and part
of external genitalia

 Prevent overheating

 500 cc to 12 l/day! (is

mostly water)

 Humans most efficient

(only mammals have)

 Produced in response to
stress as well as heat

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Types of sweat glands
 Eccrine or merocrine
 Most numerous
 True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste
 Open through pores
 Apocrine
 Axillary, anal and genital areas only
 Ducts open into hair follices
 organic molecules in it decompose with time - odor
 Modified apocrine glands
 Ceruminous – secrete earwax
 Mammary – secrete milk

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin skin
(which one makes the difference?)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelium: layers and cell types

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells in epidermis
 Keratinocyte
epidermal cells that make keratin
 Merkel cells
associated with touch sensory neurons
 Langerhans cell
macrophages (from dermis) migrate in to form
spider-like immune barrier
 Melanocytes
at border with dermis
make pigment to give skin color

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Dermis
 Strong, flexible connective tissue
 Has fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells,
 Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular
 Rich supply of nerves and vessels
 Critical role in temperature regulation- vessels
 Two layers:
 Papillary – areolar connective tissue; includes dermal
papillae
 Reticular – “reticulum” (network) of collagen and
reticular fibers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dermis—connective tissue substrate

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

  Papillary layer (layer with “nipples” or tiny
Dermal layers
projections)
 Thin superficial layer of areolar connective tissue
 Papillae house capillary loops, nerve endings,
sweat glands
 In hands and feet papillae on dermal ridges
forming fingerprint patterns
 Reticular layer
 80% of thickness
 Dense irregular collagen fibers, mostly parallel to
skin surface
 Predominant direction of fibers forms cleavage or
tension lines in skin (important for incisions)
 Flexure lines in skin at joints where reticular
layer is bound to underlying connective tissues
to provide “give” when joint flexes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Glands and keratinized appendages: Is it dermis…or
epidermis?
 Sebaceous glands
 Clumps of epithelial tissue distributed within dermis
 Secrete “sebum”—oily, fat-based substance that is also anti-bacterial
 Located all over body

 Sweat glands
 Microscopic clumps of epithelial tissue distributed within dermis
 More than 2.5 million glands per person
 Eccrine sweat glands, concentrated on hands and soles of feet and
forehead, secrete sweat to cool body, also “cold sweat” of fear,
emotion.
 Apocrine glands, concentrated in armpits and groin, analogous with
sexual scent glands of other animals, odor comes from bacterial action
 Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands in ear canal produce ear
wax
 Mammary glands: modified sweat glands in female breast produce
mother’s milk

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Hypodermis
 “Hypodermis” (Gk) = below the skin
 “Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin
 Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of
connective tissue
 Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar
tissue and adipose cells)
 Different patterns of accumulation
(male/female)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Tissues and epithelia
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
 The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
 The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a
basement membrane
 Avascular (no blood supply)
 Regenerate easily if well nourished

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Junctions
 Desmosome: binding spots between cells with
proteins called cadherins

 Tight junctions: impermeable

 E.g. gut tube, doesn’t let enzymes from gut
into blood stream

 Gap junctions: tubes that let small molecules

pass between cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Features of Apical Surface of
Epithelium
 Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine
 Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical
epithelial cell
 Increase surface area for absorption
 Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes
 Whip-like, motile extensions
 Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way
 Flagella: (ex) spermatozoa
 Extra long cilia
 Moves cell

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelium Characteristics

Figure 3.17a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Classification of Epithelia

 Number of cell layers

 Simple—one layer

 Stratified—more than
one layer

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Classification of Epithelia: shape of cells
 Squamous
 Flattened, “squashed like pan
cakes”, scally, thin, flat
 Wider than tall
 Cuboidal
 cube-shaped
 As wide as tall
 Columnar
 column-like, elongated cells
 Taller than wide

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat cells
 Usually forms membranes
 Lines body cavities
 Lines lungs and capillaries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-like cells
 Common in glands and their ducts
 Forms walls of kidney tubules
 Covers the ovaries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall cells
 Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells
 Lines digestive tract

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia
 Pseudostratified columnar
 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than
others
 Often looks like a double layer of cells
 Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory
tract
 May function in absorption or secretion

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Simple Epithelia

Figure 3.18d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the apical surface are flattened
 Found as a protective covering where friction
is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified Epithelia

Figure 3.18e

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified cuboidal—two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar—surface cells are columnar,
cells underneath vary in size and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified Epithelia
 Transitional epithelium
 Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
stretching
 Lines organs of the urinary system

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stratified Epithelia

Figure 3.18f

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glandular Epithelium
 Gland
 One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Glands: epithelial cells that make & secrete a water-based substance

• Exocrine Glands
– Secrete substance onto body surface or into body cavity
– Have ducts. Examples:
 salivary,
 mammary,
 pancreas,
 liver

• Endocrine Glands
– Secrete product into blood stream
– Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle surrounded by secretory cells
– Hormones travel to target organ to increase response
– No ducts

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 THANK YOU

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings