Introduction to Aerospace Engg.

(Passenger comfort, Navigatin and Communication, and Power actuated systems)

Dr. Om Prakash
Aerospace Engineering
UPES, Dehradun
 Introduction to Aerospace Engg.

 INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT VEHICLES

 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT MECHANICS
 PRINCIPLES OF AEROSPACE PROPULSIONS
 AEROSPACE VEHICLE STRUCTURE
 PASSENGER COMFORT SYSTEMS
 NAVIGATION & COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 POWER ACTUATED SYSTEMS

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 Contents

 PASSENGER COMFORT SYSTEMS: Need for

Pressurizing the Cabin, Pressuring System, Oxygen
Arrangements, Air Conditioning System, Control of
Temperature Integrated Air Conditioning System.
 NAVIGATION & COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
Different Navigation Methods, Dead Reckoning,
Astronavigation, Ratio Aids, Positive Fixing, Related modern
instruments. Instruments landing system, HF & VHF System,
Simple Description of Communication Systems using Earth
Station & Satellites, Networks Communication System.
 POWER ACTUATED SYSTEMS: Hydraulic System: details
& various components, Selector & Sequence, Switches,
Electro-Hydro-Mechanical System, Pneumatic System, Auto
Pilot System

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 PASSENGER COMFORT
SYSTEMS:

 Need for Pressurizing the Cabin, Pressuring System

(Ref [1] , pp. 539-542)
 Oxygen Arrangements (Ref [1] , pp. 587-589)
 Air Conditioning System (Ref [1] , pp.558-561)
 Control of Temperature Integrated Air Conditioning
System. (Ref [1] , pp. 565-568)
Ref [1]: Airframe and Powerplant MECHANICS
(Airframe Book), FAA

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 PASSENGER COMFORT SYSTEM
(PRESSURIZATION)

Need for Pressurizing the Cabin

 Less fuel for given speed at high altitude
 Pressure decreases with altitude
 Assure adequate passenger comfort and safety
 Fast exchange of air from inside to outside the cabin

Basic Requirements
 Source of cabin pressure: engine compressor, supercharger,
air bled from engine
 Pressure regulator for controlling cabin pressure
 Pressure relief valve to limit cabin pressure
 Heat exchanger of refrigeration system for regulation
 Sealing of cabin to prevent leakage
 Cabin design to with stand pressure differential

Typical Pressurizing systems

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 Contd. (Oxygen system)
Oxygen
 Atmosphere consists of 21% oxygen
 Less oxygen at high altitude
 Passenger comfort

 Continuous Flow System Pressure-Demand System

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 Contd. (Air Conditioning)
Air Conditioning
 To maintain a comfortable air temperature in cabin
 Distribution of conditioned air in cabin
 Control of humidity
 Heater and cooler are set to operate
 Functions include: Supply of ventilated air, Supply of heated air, Supply of cooling air

 Heating system
 Heating by supercharger compression
 Gasoline combustion heater, Electric heater, re-cycling of compressed air,
exhaust gas air to air heat exchanger
 Ventilation: blower for air circulation, a ram-air inlet, cabin compressors

 Cooling System
 Expansion turbine (cooling turbine),
 air to air heat exchanger,
 valves
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 Contd.
Typical
pressurization and
Air Conditioning
system

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 POWER ACTUATED SYSTEMS

Hydraulic System: details & various components [Ref.

[1], pp315-316]
Selector & Sequence, Switches [Ref. [1], pp329-330]
 Electro-Hydro-Mechanical System [To be covered]
 Pneumatic System [Ref. [1], pp511-515]
 Auto Pilot System [Ref. [1], pp511-515]

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 Power Actuated Systems
Hydraulic Systems
 Light weight, ease of installation, minimum maintenance, simple for
inspections
 Operations: Landing gears, wing flaps, flight control surfaces, wheel brake
 100 % efficient, minimum number of components
 Basic Hydraulic System
 Hand pump
 Power driven pump
 Reservoirs
 Actuating Cylinder
 Selector Valves

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 Basic Hydraulic System

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 Basic Hydraulic System
 Selector Valves

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 Pneumatic System
 Employ air for transmitting power in hydraulic
systems
 Brakes, opening and closing of doors, deriving
pumps, Operating emergency devices
 High pressure: air bottles
 Medium pressure: air from jet engine compressors
 Low pressure: vane-type pump in reciprocating
engine aircraft
 Components: Relief Valves, Control Valves,
Check Valves, Restrictor, Filters, Air Bottles,
Lines and Tubing

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 Emergency Pneumatic Brake System

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 Auto Pilot System
 Basic Auto Pilot system

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 Auto Pilot System
 Block Diagram

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Auto Pilot System
 Components

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 NAVIGATION &
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM:
Different Navigation Methods, Dead Reckoning
Astronavigation, Ratio Aids, Positive Fixing, Related
modern instruments
 Instruments landing system, HF & VHF System
Simple Description of Communication Systems using
Earth Station & Satellites
 Networks Communication System.

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 Navigation and Communication

 Safe aircraft operation

 voice transmission and reception between aircraft or
aircraft and ground
 Navigational Aids: Marker beakons receivers, Instrument
landing system, radar, area navigation system, Omni-
direction radio receivers

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 Contd.
 VHF (Very High Frequency)communication system
 Operate in range of 108.0 Hz to 135.95Hz
 Radio waves follow approx. straight line
 Distance is determined by the heights of transmitting and receiving antenas
 Have transmitter, receiver, power supply, operating controls into single unit

 HF (High Frequency) communication system

 Used for long range communication
 Operates in range of 3 MHz to 30 Mhz
 Longer transmission range
 HF transmitter have high power output
 Low speed aircraft: Long wire antenna;
 High speed aircraft: antenna probes in vertical stabilizer

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 Contd.
 Navigation Methods

 Doppler Navigations

 Inertial Navigation

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