INTELLIGENCE

PREMALA.G
S.Y.B.A
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "the mental abilities
necessary for adaptation to, as well as shaping and selection of, any
environmental context .
 Anastasi defined intelligence as Intelligence is not a single, unitary ability, but
rather a composite of several functions. The term denotes that combination of
abilities required for survival and advancement within a particular culture.
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTERS
TOWARDS INTELLIGENCE
 CARROLL
- Three-stratum model
 GARDNER
- Multiple intelligence model
 Sternberg
- The triarchic theory of intelligence
GARDNER – MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE
Gardner’s multiple intelligence includes 9-types of intelligence:

 Visual-Spatial intelligence:
The capacity to perceive visual world/physical space accurately. Architects,
interior designers, sailors, engineers are able to think easily from various angles,
dimensions to draw, read maps.
 Linguistic intelligence:
Individuals with this type of intelligence use words effectively. They have
highly developed auditory skills. They speak persuasively and fluently about an idea.
They tend to become good orators, lecturers and speakers.
Logical-mathematical intelligence:
This type of intelligence includes reasoning and calculating. People with mathematical
intelligence, such as Albert Einstein, are good at working with numbers, complex and abstract ideas, and
scientific investigations. They tend to be good at solving puzzles.
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence:
Person's ability to process information physically through hand and body movement, control, and
expression. They possess keen sense of body awareness. They become good dancers, sportsmen, surgeons,
etc.
Musical intelligence:
Musically intelligent people show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. Interestingly, there is often an
affective connection between music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical intelligences may
share common thinking processes. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or
drumming to themselves. 
Interpersonal intelligence:
Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It
involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication. They seem to understand others’ feelings and
motives. Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. 
 Intra-personal intelligence:
Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts and feelings,
and to use such knowledge in planning and directioning one’s life. It is evident in psychologist, spiritual
leaders, and philosophers.
 Naturalistic intelligence:
People with Naturalist intelligence have a sensitivity to and appreciation for nature, animals, etc.
They have an affinity for animals and are good at training and understanding them. They like to spend time
in nature, treks, etc.
 Existential intelligence:
Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of
life, why we die, and how did we get here, what is the goal of life, mysteries surrounding death, rebirth, etc.
INTELLIGENCE
DISTRIBUTION
Intelligence test scores follow an approximately normal distribution, meaning that most people score near
the middle of the distribution of scores and that scores drop off fairly rapidly in frequency as one moves in
either direction from the center. For example, on the IQ scale, about 2 out of 3 scores fall between 85 and
115, and about 19 out of 20 scores fall between 70 and 130. Put another way, only 1 out of 20 scores differs
from the average IQ (100) by more than 30 points.
At the upper end, the label gifted is sometimes assigned to people with IQs of 130 or higher. Scores at the
lower end have been given the labels borderline retarded (70 to 84) and severely retarded (25 to 39). 
To label someone as mentally retarded solely on the basis of a single test score, therefore, is to risk doing a
disservice and an injustice to that person. Most psychologists and other authorities recognize that social as
well as strictly intellectual skills must be considered in any classification of mental retardation.
THANK YOU