What You Need To Know To Teach IPv6 in CCNA 1

Equipping Today’s Instructors
for Tomorrow’s Students

Academy Conference 2013
Cisco Networking Academy
What I need to know about IPv6 to teach CCNA1

Introduction to Networking/Networking Basics
Rick Graziani
CS/CIS Instructor
Cabrillo College
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 1
Who am I?
• Rick Graziani - graziani@cabrillo.edu
• CS/CIS instructor at Cabrillo College, Santa
Cruz, California
• Working in IT since 1980
• Cisco Networking Academy instructor since 1997
• Practice what I preach…
• Implementing native IPv6 at Cabrillo College
• Home: Run native IPv6 (& IPv4) to the Internet
• Curriculum Development Team for Cisco
Networking Academy
• When not working, hopefully I’m surfing.
Topics
• Why IPv6? (briefly and quickly)
• Format of an IPv6 Address
• IPv6 Address Types
• Global Unicast IPv6 Address
• Link-Local Unicast IPv6 Address
• Multicast IPv6 Addresses
• ICMPv6 – Neighbor Discovery Protocol
• A lot of stuff, but don’t be intimidated!
So we can finish, please hold questions until the end….
I will be available afterward!
Why are they making me learn IPv6?
The Internet of Things, The Internet of Everything
• The Internet is more than just connecting people.

• At the very least we need IPv6 for the Internet to continue.
• So, the “killer application” for the Internet is the Internet itself.
Important moments in history…
• Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to
APNIC, the RIR for the Asia Pacific region
• This triggered a global policy to allocate the remaining IANA pool of 5 /8’s equally
between the five RIRs.
• So, basically…
“All of
this
could
have all
been
avoided
with
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential.
IPv6.” 8
When do I have to go to IPv6?
IPv4 IPv6
• IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for the foreseeable future.
• Dual-stack – Device running both IPv4 and IPv6.
Various transition strategies
Tunneling – IPv6 packets
encapsulated inside IPv4 packets.
NAT64 – Translating between

IPv4 and IPv6.
Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus

and the goal of every
organization).
No more NAT as we know it
192.168.1.0/24 Public IPv4 Address

RFC 1918 Private Address
• IETF does not support the concept of translating a “private IPv6” address
to a “public” IPv6 address.
• NAT for IPv4 breaks many things.
IPv4 and IPv6
• IPv6 is more than just larger

address space.
• It was a chance to make some
improvements on the IP protocol.
IPv6 at a Glance
• Next Header = Protocol field in IPv4.
• Indicates the data payload type (TCP,
UDP, ICMPv6)
• Hop Limit = TTL (Time to Live) in IPv4.
• Number of router hops before packet
is discarded.
• Routers do not fragment IPv6 packets unless it is the source of the packet.
• Use of a Link-Local Address.

• ICMPv6 is more robust than ICMPv4.
• SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) for dynamic addressing.
Understanding the format of IPv6 Address
IPv6 Address Notation
One Hex digit = 4 bits
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100

16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in:
 Eight 16-bit segments or “hextets” (not a formal term)
 Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF
 Separated by colons
 Reading and subnetting IPv6 is easier than IPv4!
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100

 How many addresses does 128 bits give us?

 340 undecillion addesses or …
 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or …
 “50 billion billion billion addresses for every person on earth” or….
 “A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion times!” … in
other words …
 You won’t need to learn IPv7 for the next version of CCNA!
This isn’t the first time
• Early versions of CCNA included:

•IPv4
•Appletalk
•IPX
Rule 1: Leading 0’s
Two rules for reducing the size of written IPv6 addresses.
The first rule is: Leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be
written.
2001 : 0DB8 : 0001 : 1000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0ef0 : bc00

2001 : DB8 : 1 : 1000 : 0 : 0 : ef0 : bc00
2001 : 0DB8 : 010d : 000a : 00dd : c000 : e000 : 0001

2001 : DB8 : 10d : a : dd : c000 : e000 : 1
2001 : 0DB8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0500

2001 : DB8 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 500
Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 0000…0000
 The second rule can reduce this address even further:
 Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments
consisting of all zeroes can be represented with a double colon.
FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001

FE80 : : 1
Second Rule First Rule
FE80::1
 Only a single contiguous string of all-zero segments can be represented
with a double colon.
 Both of these are correct…
FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0014 : 0000 : 0000 : 0095
FE80 :: 14 : 0 : 0 : 95
OR
FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 14 :: 95
 Using the double colon more than once in an IPv6 address can create
ambiguity because of the ambiguity in the number of 0’s.
FE80::14::95
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0014:0000:0000:0095
FE80:0000:0000::0014:0000:00000000:0095
FE80:0000:0014:0000:0000:0000:0000:0095
Network Prefixes
 IPv4, the prefix—the network portion of the address—can be identified
by a dotted decimal netmask or bitcount.
255.255.255.0 or /24
 IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bitcount (prefix length).

 Prefix length notation:
3ffe:1944:100:a::/64
16 32 48 64 bits
IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Addressing
Unicast Multicast Anycast
Assigned Solicited Node

FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104
Global Link-Local Loopback Unspecified Unique Embedded

Unicast Local IPv4
2000::/3 FE80::/10 ::1/12 ::/128 FC00::/7 ::/80
3FFF::/3 FEBF::/10 8 FDFF::/7
Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses
Global Unicast Address (GUA)
Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID
001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 ::

to 3FFF::/3 0011 1111 1111 1111 ::
IANA’s allocation of IPv6 address space in 1/8th

• Global unicast addresses sections
are similar to IPv4
addresses
• Routable
• Unique
Global Unicast Address (GUA)
001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 ::

to 3FFF::/3 0011 1111 1111 1111 ::
• Global unicast addresses are equivalent to IPv4 public

addresses
• Except under very specific circumstances, all end users
will have a global unicast address
• Terminology:
• Prefix equivalent to network address
• Prefix length equivalent to subnet mask in IPv4
• Interface ID equivalent to host portion
Typical Global Unicast Address and Why We Love IPv6!
IPv4 Unicast Address
/?
Network portion Subnet portion Host portion
32 bits
IPv6 Global Unicast Address

/48 /64
16-bit Fixed Interface ID
Global Routing Prefix
Subnet ID
128 bits
• 64-bit Interface ID = 18 quintillion (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) devices/subnet
• 16-bit Subnet ID = 65,536 subnets
/64 Global Unicast Addresses and the 3-1-4 rule
/48 /64

3 1 4
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100
3 + 1 = 4 (/64) : 4
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111::100/64
Subnetting IPv6 and Why Our Students Will Love IPv6
 Just increment by 1 in Hexadecimal:

• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000::/64
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0001::/64 3-1-4 Rule
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0002::/64
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:000A::/64
 Valid abbreviation is to remove the 3 leading 0’s from the first shown quartet
• 2001:0DB8:AAAA:1::/64
Subnetting into the Interface ID
/48 /112
48 bits 64 bits 16bits
Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID
Prefix Interface ID
Global Routing Prefix Subnet-ID Interface ID
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000

2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 : 0000
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0002 : 0000
thru
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFE : 0000
2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : 0000
Subnetting on a nibble boundary
/48 /68
48 bits 20 bits 60 bits
/68 Prefix
Subnetting on a nibble (4 bit) boundary makes it easier to list the subnets:

/68
/64, /68, /72, etc.
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/68
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:1000::/68
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:2000::/68 through
2001:0DB8:AAAA:FFFF:F000::/68
Subnetting within a nibble
/48 /70
48 bits 22 bits 58 bits
/70 Prefix
Four Bits: The two

2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/700000 leftmost bits are part of the
Subnet-ID, whereas the
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0400::/700100
two rightmost bits belong
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0800::/701000 to the Interface ID.
2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0C00::/701100
bits
Do we need the IPv6 equivalent to a /30?
Debate for the need to use a /127
/48 /127
48 bits 79 bits 1bit
Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID
127-bit Prefix 1 bit Interface ID
• Beyond the scope of CCNA but may be of interest….

• RFC 6164 - Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-Router Links
• Ping-Pong Issue
• Neighbor Cache Exhaustion Issue
Configuring a Global Unicast Address
Global Unicast
Manual Dynamic
IPv6 Stateless
IPv6 Address Unnumbered Autoconfiguration DHCPv6
Static EUI-64
CCNA or CCNP Routing
Topology
R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1::1/64
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
No space
• Exactly the same as an IPv4 address only different.
• No space between IPv6 address and Prefix-length.
• IOS commands for IPv6 are very similar to their IPv4 counterpart.
• All 0’s and all 1’s are valid IPv6 host IPv6 addresses.
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#clock rate 56000
show running-config command on router R1
R1# show running-config
<output omitted for brevity>
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1/64
!
show ipv6 interface brief command on router R1
R1# show ipv6 interface brief

GigabitEthernet0/0 [up/up]
FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0 Link-local unicast address
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1 Global unicast address
• Link-local address automatically created when (before) the global unicast

address is.
• We will discuss link-local addresses next.
PC1: Static Global Unicast Address
2001:db8:acad:1::10
64
2001:db8:acad:1::1
PC1: Static Global Unicast Address
PC1> ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1::10
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1%11
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1::1
Pinging a Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses
Ping uses ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply messages similar to ICMPv4.
PC1> ping 2001:db8:acad:1::1
Pinging 2001:db8:acad:1::1 from 2001:db8:acad:1::100 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1ms

Ping statistics for 2001:db8:acad:1::1:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms
PC1>
Configuring Dynamic IPv6 Addresses
Global Unicast
Manual Dynamic
IPv6 Stateless
IPv6 Address Unnumbered Autoconfiguration DHCPv6
Static EUI-64
IPv4 Dynamic Addresses
DHCP Server
With IPv6 it begins with the Router Advertisement
• The Router Advertisement (RA) tells hosts how it will receive IPv6 Address
Information.
• Sent periodically by an IPv6 router or…
• When the router receives a Router Solicitation message from a host.

Router Advertisement
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing

DHCPv6 Server
Router Advertisement/Solicitation Messages
• Part of ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6)
• Router Advertisements are sent by an “IPv6 router” – ipv6 unicast-routing

command
• Forwards IPv6 Packets
• Can be enabled for IPv6 static and dynamic routing
• Sends ICMPv6 Router Advertisements
• Routers can be configured with IPv6 addresses without being an IPv6 router
• Option 1 and 2: Stateless Address
SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)
Autconfiguration – DHCPv6 Server does not
maintain state of addresses
• Option 3: Stateful Address Configuration –
Address received from DHCPv6 Server
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing DHCPv6
Option 1 DHCPv6
Server
“I’m everything you need (Prefix, Prefix-length, Default Gateway)”
Option 2 (Discussed in CCNA Switching) RA

“Here is my information but you need to get other information such
as DNS addresses from a DHCPv6 server.”
Option 3 (Discussed in CCNA Switching)

“I can’t help you. Ask a DHCPv6 server for all your information.”
Router Advertisement – Option 1
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::/64 MAC: 00-03-6B-8C-E0-80
1
Option 1 – RA Message
2
To: FF02::1 (All IPv6 devices
multicast) Prefix: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::
RA Prefix-length: /64
From: FE80::1 (Link-local address)
Prefix: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1:: Default Gateway: FE80::1
Prefix-length: /64 Global Unicast Address:

2001:DB8:ACAD:1: + Interface ID
3 EUI-64 Process or
DHCPv6 Server Random 64-bit value
Dynamic Interface ID
Router Advertisement DHCPv6 Server

2001:DB8:ACAD:1::/64
/48 /64 64 bits

SLAAC
EUI-64 Process Randomly Generated Number
• Windows operating systems, Windows XP and Server 2003 use EUI-64.

• Windows Vista and newer; hosts create a random 64-bit Interface ID.
• Linux: Mostly use random 64-bit number
• Mac OSX: use EUI-64 (on my Macs)
EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier – 64)
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::/64 MAC: 00-03-6B-E9-D4-80
1
Option 1 – RA Message
2
To: FF02::1 (All-hosts multicast)
Prefix: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::
From: FE80::1 (Link-local address) RA Prefix-length: /64
Prefix: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::
Default Gateway: FE80::1
Prefix-length: /64
Global Unicast Address:
2001:DB8:ACAD:1: + Interface ID
EUI-64 Process or
DHCPv6 Server Random 64-bit value
EUI-64 OUI Device Identifier
24 bits 24 bits
Hexadecimal 00 03 6B E9 D4 80
Step 1: Split the MAC address
Binary 0000 0000 0000 0011 0110 1011 1110 1101 0100 1000 0000
1001
Step 2: Insert FFFE F F F E

Binary 0000 0000 0000 0011 0110 1011 1111 1111 1111 1110 1110 1001 1101 0100 1000 0000
Step 3: Flip the U/L bit
Binary 0000 0010 0000 0011 0110 1011 1111 1111 1111 1110 1110 1101 0100 1000 0000
1001
Modified EUI-64 Interface ID in Hexadecimal Notation
Binary 02 03 6B FF FE E9 D4 80
PC1: Global Unicast
Address
Router Advertisement EUI-64
PC1> ipconfig
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1:02-03-6b-ff-fe-e9-d4-80
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::02-03-6b-ff-fe-e9-d4-80
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : fe80::1
• A 64-bit Interface ID and the EUI-64 process accommodate the IEEE

specification for a 64-bit MAC address.
What about Stateful DHCPv6? (CCNA Switching)
• DHCPv6 is similar to
DHCPv4. DHCPv6
• Host operating systems
DHCPv6
“may” include the option of
Server
ignoring the Router
Advertisement from the
router and only use the
stateful services of a
DHCPv6 server.
• Note: All addresses should
be checked before use with
DAD (Duplicate Address
Detection), similar to
gratuitous ARP in IPv4.
Link-Local Unicast IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Addressing

FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104
Global Link-Local Loopback Unspecified Unique Embedded

Unicast Local IPv4
2000::/3 FE80::/10 ::1/12 ::/128 FC00::/7 ::/80
3FFF::/3 FEBF::/10 8 FDFF::/7
Link-local Unicast
10 bits Remaining 54 bits 64 bits
/64
1111 1110 10xx xxxx Interface ID
FE80::/10 EUI-64, Random or Manual Configuration
Range: FE80::/10 1111 1110 1000 0000 ::

to FEBF::/10 1111 1110 1011 1111 ::
Link-local unicast
Link-Local Communications
• Used to communicate with other devices on the link.

• Are NOT routable off the link (network).
• Only have to be unique on the link.
• Are not included in the IPv6 routing table.
• An IPv6 device must have at least a link-local address.
• Used by:
• Hosts to communicate to the IPv6 network before it has a global unicast address.
• Router’s link-local address is used by hosts as the default gateway address.
• Adjacent routers to exchange routing updates
IOS uses EUI-64 to Create G0/0
S0/0/0
Link-Local Addresses Wait! Two
R1 Link-Locals
G0/1 are the same!
R1#show interface gigabitethernet 0/0
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is CN Gigabit Ethernet, address is fc99.4775.c3e0 (bia
fc99.4775.c3e0)
<Output Omitted>
R1#show ipv6 interface brief

FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0 EUI-64
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1
FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E1 FF:FE = EUI-64 (most likely)
2001:DB8:ACAD:2::1
Serial0/0/0 [up/up]
Serial interfaces will use a MAC
FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0
2001:DB8:ACAD:3::1 address of an Ethernet interface.
R1#
PC1: Link-Local Unicast Address
PC1> ipconfig
Connection-specific DNS Suffix .:
IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . : 2001:db8:acad:1:3496:1c51:3f57:fe89
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . : fe80::3496:1c51:3f57:fe89
Default Gateway . . . . . . . : fe80::1
• Many operating systems will use a random 64-bit Interface IDs for GUA and Link-
Local IPv6 Addresses.
Configuring Static G0/0
S0/0/0
Link-Local Addresses FE80::1
FE80::1
G0/1 R1
Static addresses are more easily remembered FE80::1
and recognizable.
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::1 ?
link-local Use link-local address
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::1 link-local

R1(config-if)#exit Link-Local
R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1 Addresses only
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::1 link-local have to be unique
R1(config-if)#exit on the link!
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::1 link-local
R1(config-if)#
ipv6 enable command
Router(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1
Router(config-if)# ipv6 enable
Router(config-if)# end
Router# show ipv6 interface brief
FE80::20C:30FF:FE10:92E1 Link-local unicast address
Router# only
• Link-local addresses are automatically created whenever a global unicast

address is configured
• The ipv6 enable command will:
• Create a link-local address when there is no global unicast address
• Maintain the link-local address even when the global unicast address is
removed
Pinging a Link-Local
Address
FE80::1 FE80::2
R1 Ser 0/0/0 Ser 0/0/0 R2
FE80::1 :1 :2
2001:0DB8:ACAD:1::/64 G0/0
2001:0DB8:ACAD:2::/64
R1# ping fe80::2

Output Interface: ser 0/0/0 Must include exit-interface
% Invalid interface. Use full interface name without
spaces (e.g. Serial0/1)
Output Interface: serial0/0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::2, timeout is 2
secs:
!!!!!
Multicast IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Multicast
IPv6 Addressing

FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104
IPv6 Multicast
8 bits 4 bits 4 bits 112bits
1111 1111 Flag Scope Group ID
FF00::/8
• Similar to Multicast addresses for

IPv4.
• Used to send a packet to a group
of devices.
Two types:
1. Assigned
2. Solicited Node
Assigned
Multicast
Addresses
• FF02::1 – All IPv6 Devices
• All IPv6 devices, including the
router, belong to this group.
• Every IPv6 device will listen
and process packets to this
address.
Assigned
FE80::0123:456:789A:BCDE FF02::2
Multicast
Addresses
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
• FF02::2 – All IPv6 Routers
• All IPv6 routers belong to this group.

• Used to communicate with an IPv6 Router (ipv6 unicast routing)
Multicast Groups of a Router
R1# show ipv6 interface gigabitethernet 0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0
Global unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1, subnet is 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::/64
Joined group address(es): Member of these Multicast Groups
FF02::1 All-IPv6 devices on this link
FF02::2 All-IPv6 routers on this link: IPv6 routing enabled
FF02::1:FF00:1
Solicited-node multicast address for Global Address
FF02::1:FF75:C3E0
Solicited-node multicast address for Link-local Unicast
<output omitted for brevity> Address
• FF02 – “2” means link-local scope

• What is Solicited node?
Solicited Node Multicast Address (Introduction)
PC1 Destination: Solicited-node Multicast PC2

“Who ever has the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 please
send me your Ethernet MAC address”
Solicited Node Multicast Address

• Used as a destination address when don’t know the unicast address.
• Typically used as the destination IPv6 address with:
• Address Resolution (“IPv4 ARP”)
• Duplicate Address Detection (“Gratuitous ARP”)
• Same intent as a broadcast but more efficient.
• Devices process packets with their solicited node multicast address as the
destination address: IP and MAC.
Solicited Node Multicast – It’s not pretty but it’s simple
Global Unicast Address
104 bits 24 bits
2001:0DB8:ACAD 0001 0000:0000:00 00:0010

The last 24
Copy bits match.
Solicited-Node Multicast Address
104 bits
FF02 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 FF 00:0010
The ugly The simple

IPv6 Global Unicast Address: 2001:0DB8:ACAD:0001:0000:0000:0000:0010
IPv6 Solicited Node Multicast Address: FF02::1:FF00:0010
Solicited Node Multicast – Used in Address Resolution
• All IPv6 Devices Multicast: FF02::1
I listen for • Link-Local Address: FE80::02-03-6B-FF-FE-8C-E0-80
several IPv6
• Global Unicast Address: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10
addresses!
• Solicited Node Multicast Address: FF02::1:FF00:0010
PC1 Destination: Solicited-node Multicast PC2

FF02::1:FF00:0010
“Who ever has the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 please
send me your Ethernet MAC address”
Note (beyond CCNA): Solicited Node Multicast addresses are also mapped to a
special multicast MAC address: 33-33-FF-00-00-10
A Brief look at ICMPv6
(Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
IPv6 Next Header Value: 58 decimal or 3A hexadecimal
Next Header ICMPv6 ICMPv6 Message

58 Header Body
IPv6 Header
IPv6 Data
• Described in RFC 4443

• Much more robust than ICMP for IPv4
• Contains new functionality and improvements.
• More than just “messaging” but “how IPv6 conducts business”.
• General message similar to ICMP for IPv4
• Also uses Type and Code fields like in ICMPv4.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol Uses ICMPv6
• ICMPv6 informational messages used by Neighbor Discovery (RFC 4861):
• Router Solicitation Message Router-Device

Messaging
• Router Advertisement Message
Device-Device
• Neighbor Solicitation Message Messaging
• Neighbor Advertisement Message
• Redirect Message (Similar to ICMPv4)

Router Solicitations and Router Advertisements
Used by SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)
1
FF02::2 Router Solicitation Message PC1
All IPv6 Routers I need IPv6 address information.
DHCPv6 Server
Router Advertisement Message
Here is one of three options:
1. I have everything you need. 2
2. I have mostly what you need, but you will need
FF02::1
FF02::1
to contact a DHCPv6 server for other All IPv6 Devices
information like a DNS address.
3. I have nothing for you. Contact a DHCPv6
serverl
Neighbor Solicitations and Neighbor Advertisements
Neighbor Solicitation Message 1

PC2 Whoever has the IPv6 Address PC1
Solicited Node
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 please send me Multicast
your Ethernet MAC address.
2 Neighbor Advertisement Message

Unicast I have the IPv6 Address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10.
Here is my Ethernet MAC address:
0021:9bd9:c644.
• Address Resolution - A device knows the IPv6 address but needs the Layer 2 MAC address.
• Unlike ARP, ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation/Advertisement messages are encapsulated in IPv6.
• Information is stored in the Neighbor Cache.

Neighbor Cache Neighbor Cache
Neighbor Cache PC1

IPv6 Address MAC Address
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 0021.9bd9.c644
IPv6 - 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10
MAC - 0021.9bd9.c644
• Neighbor Cache – Maps IPv6 addresses with Ethernet MAC addresses
• Similar to ARP Cache for IPv4
• 5 States (2 noticeable and 3 transitory):

• Reachable: Packets have recently been received providing confirmation that this device is
reachable.
• Stale: A certain time period has elapsed since a packet has been received from this address.
• Transitory States: INCOMPLETE, DELAY, PROBE (I will point you to more information)
Windows: netsh interface ipv6 show neighbor
Neighbor Cache Linux/MAC: ip neighbor show
R1# show ipv6 neighbors
IPv6 Address Age Link-layer Addr State Interface
FE80::50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 16 0021.9bd9.c644 STALE Fa0/0
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 16 0021.9bd9.c644 STALE Fa0/0
R1# ping 2001:db8:aaaa:1::100
Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DB8:AAAA:1::100, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms
R1# show ipv6 neighbors
IPv6 Address Age Link-layer Addr State Interface
FE80::50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 16 0021.9bd9.c644 STALE Fa0/0
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::10 0 0021.9bd9.c644 REACH Fa0/0
R1#
What we covered…
• Why IPv6? (briefly and quickly)
• Format of an IPv6 Address Teach it and
• IPv6 Address Types use it, and it
• Global Unicast IPv6 Address will all make
• Link-Local Unicast IPv6 Address sense!
• Multicast IPv6 Addresses
• ICMPv6 – Neighbor Discovery Protocol
My Afternoon Presentation:
IPv6 in CCNA 2 – Routing Protocols
• Chapter 1: Routing Concepts
• Chapter 2: Static Routing
• Chapter 3: Routing Dynamically
• Chapter 4: EIGRP
• Chapter 5: Advanced EIGRP
• Chapter 6: Single Area OSPF
• Chapter 7: Advanced Single Area OSPF
• Chapter 8: Multi-Area OSPF
• Chapter 9: Access Control Lists
• Chapter 10: IOS File Management
Shameless plug!
Web Site, Book, Etc.
• Rick Graziani - graziani@cabrillo.edu
• PowerPoints for CCNA, CCNP, IPv6
• www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani
• Username = cisco
• Password = perlman
Quality time with

my two nieces…
And…… Thank you very much!
Rick Graziani - graziani@cabrillo.edu
www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani
Username = cisco
Password = perlman

What You Need To Know To Teach IPv6 in CCNA 1

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What You Need To Know To Teach IPv6 in CCNA 1

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Equipping Today’s Instructors

for Tomorrow’s Students

What I need to know about IPv6 to teach CCNA1

• The Internet is more than just connecting people.

NAT64 – Translating between

Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus

192.168.1.0/24 Public IPv4 Address

• IPv6 is more than just larger

• Use of a Link-Local Address.

One Hex digit = 4 bits

2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100

2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100

 How many addresses does 128 bits give us?

• Early versions of CCNA included:

2001 : 0DB8 : 0001 : 1000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0ef0 : bc00

2001 : 0DB8 : 010d : 000a : 00dd : c000 : e000 : 0001

2001 : 0DB8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0500

FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001

FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0014 : 0000 : 0000 : 0095

 IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bitcount (prefix length).

Unicast Multicast Anycast

Assigned Solicited Node

Global Link-Local Loopback Unspecified Unique Embedded

001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 ::

IANA’s allocation of IPv6 address space in 1/8th

001 Range: 2000::/3 0010 0000 0000 0000 ::

• Global unicast addresses are equivalent to IPv4 public

IPv6 Global Unicast Address

Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID

2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0100

 Just increment by 1 in Hexadecimal:

Global Routing Prefix Subnet-ID Interface ID

2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000

Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID

Subnetting on a nibble (4 bit) boundary makes it easier to list the subnets:

Four Bits: The two

127-bit Prefix 1 bit Interface ID

• Beyond the scope of CCNA but may be of interest….

R1# show ipv6 interface brief

• Link-local address automatically created when (before) the global unicast

Pinging 2001:db8:acad:1::1 from 2001:db8:acad:1::100 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1ms

Ping statistics for 2001:db8:acad:1::1:

• When the router receives a Router Solicitation message from a host.

R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing

• Router Advertisements are sent by an “IPv6 router” – ipv6 unicast-routing

Option 2 (Discussed in CCNA Switching) RA

Option 3 (Discussed in CCNA Switching)

Prefix-length: /64 Global Unicast Address:

Router Advertisement DHCPv6 Server

/48 /64 64 bits

• Windows operating systems, Windows XP and Server 2003 use EUI-64.

Step 2: Insert FFFE F F F E

Step 3: Flip the U/L bit

Modified EUI-64 Interface ID in Hexadecimal Notation

• A 64-bit Interface ID and the EUI-64 process accommodate the IEEE

Unicast Multicast Anycast

Assigned Solicited Node

Global Link-Local Loopback Unspecified Unique Embedded

FE80::/10 EUI-64, Random or Manual Configuration

Range: FE80::/10 1111 1110 1000 0000 ::

• Used to communicate with other devices on the link.

R1#show ipv6 interface brief