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The Muscular
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Muscle
contracting
Origin
Brachialis
Tendon
Insertion
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow)
or ball-and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
Extension beyond 180º is hyperextension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Example: moving the atlas around the dens of axis
(i.e., shaking your head “no”)
Rotation
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
(c) Rotation
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Types of Body Movements
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline
Adduction
Opposite of abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline
Abduction
Adduction Circumduction
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end
moves in a circle
Abduction
Adduction Circumduction
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches
the shin (toward the dorsum)
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes away from the head
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Turning sole of foot medially
Eversion
Turning sole of foot laterally
Inversion Eversion
Supination
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
Radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
Radius and ulna cross each other like an X
Pronation Supination
(radius rotates (radius and ulna
over ulna) are parallel)
P
s
Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on
the same hand
Opposition
(h) Opposition
(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*
Example:
Pectoralis
major
(anterior view)
* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*
Example: Latissimus
dorsi (posterior view)
The latissimus dorsi
is the antagonist of
the pectoralis major.
* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.
The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension .
(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
Example: Deltoid
middle fibers
(anterolateral
view)
(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral view)
The teres major
is the antagonist
of the deltoid.
(a)
(b) (e)
(c)
(a) Circular (b) Convergent (e) Multipennate
(orbicularis oris) (pectoralis major) (deltoid)
(d) (f)
(f) Bipennate
(g) (rectus
femoris)
Cranial
Frontalis aponeurosis
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi Occipitalis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Masseter
Orbicularis
oris Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Platysma
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis
(a)
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Figure 6.17b Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm.
Pectoralis
major
Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis
(b)
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Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body (See Figure 6.22) (3 of 3)
12th
12th rib thoracic vertebra
Iliac crest
Iliopsoas Psoas major
Iliacus 5th
lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Sartorius
Adductor
group
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps*
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Patella
Patellar
ligament
(c)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 6.20d Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body.
Inguinal
ligament
Adductor
muscles
Sartorius
Vastus
lateralis
(d)
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Figure 6.21a Superficial muscles of the right leg.
Fibularis longus
Tibia
Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis tertius
(a)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body (Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure 6.23) (1 of 3)
Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius
Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid
Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 6.18b Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm.
C7
T1
Erector spinae
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis
Quadratus
lumborum
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 6.19 The fleshy deltoid muscle is a favored site for administering intramuscular injections.
Deltoid
muscle
Humerus
Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius
Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid
Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body (Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure 6.23) (3 of 3)
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor
magnus Sciatic nerve
Iliotibial tract
(b)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
(a)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 6.21b Superficial muscles of the right leg.
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
Medial malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 6.22 Major superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the body.
Facial
• Frontalis
Facial
• Orbicularis oculi
• Temporalis
• Zygomaticus
• Masseter • Orbicularis oris
Neck
Shoulde • Platysma
r• Trapezius • Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
• Deltoid • Pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis major
Arm • Serratus anterior
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii • Intercostals
• Brachialis
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
Forearm • External oblique
• Brachioradialis
• Internal oblique
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Transversus abdominis
Pelvis/thigh
• Iliopsoas
Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscles
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius (not shown,
deep to rectus femoris)
Leg
• Fibularis longus
• Extensor digitorum longus Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Tibialis anterior
• Soleus
Neck
• Occipitalis
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius
Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Latissimus dorsi
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis
longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
Hip
• Extensor carpi ulnaris • Gluteus medius
• Extensor digitorum
• Gluteus maximus
Thigh
Iliotibial tract
•Adductor muscle
•Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon