Let’s have

a game!
What is always coming, but
never arrives?
-tomorrow
What can be broken, but is
never held?
-promise
 What is it that if you have,
you want to share me, and if
you share, you do not have?
-secret
How was it possible that
every single person in an
airplane crash died, but two
people survived?
- The two survivors were
married.
What is it that goes up, but
never comes down?
-age
Some months have 31 days,
others have 30 days, but
how many have 28 days?
-All the months have 28
days.
Concept Paper
 6

Concepts
An abstract idea; A general notion
 Concept Paper
As an extended definition
 8

○ An explanation of an idea or concept

(extended definition)
Concept Paper ○ An outline of a project proposal
○ An in-depth analysis of any idea, situation,
or practice
○ Explains the ‘what-ness’ or nature of
something
○ It is written to inform and persuade.
 9

Definition Paper Project Proposal

○ Targets the explanation (Concept Paper)
Difference
of an idea, theory, ○ Seeks to present an idea
practice, or principal for consideration by
per se others, possibly for
○ informs a target funding or support
audience ○ Entails persuasive intent
○ Uses rhetorical ○ Goes beyond the
techniques to examine definition to implement
the nature of or get support
something
 10

Rhetorical Strategies
Extends a definition
Example ○ Strategy especially used in defining
abstract terms
○ Ex. To clarify the meaning of integrity, you
can give examples of behaviors and
situations that demonstrate it
 12

○ When terms are unfamiliar or not popular

Comparison & with audience
Contrast ○ Ex. The concept of imperialism, may be
unfamiliar and difficult to explain, but if it
were used in a parallel situation of a
landowner being driven out of his land and
an intruder attempting to steal the
property from the owner, it would be
more understandable.
 13

○ Physically describe something by giving its

Giving Details dimensions (shape, size, color, texture),
parts and functions
○ Nonphysical description by giving
characteristics to define something
○ Ex. To define ‘malicious’ intent, you can
use synonyms like malevolent and spiteful.
 14

Giving Historical ○ Useful when concept’s definition has gone

Background through changes in time
○ Do research to improve the content of
your definition
○ Ex. Femininity’s definition has changed
given the socio-cultural changes that
every community goes through.
 15

○ Discussing the idea’s components and/or

Analysis its implications (far-reaching consequences
of a concept)
○ Ex. Globalization can be defined through
its consequences: the homogenization of
cultures as a result of frequent exchanges
and interaction between and among
countries becoming very easy.
 16

Styles in Defining
Formal or Informal, Technical
or Popular
 Formal
○ Genus et Differentia (defined by first giving its class
Styles in Defining then discussion of the characteristics that make the
term different from other related terms)
- Ex. Sole proprietorship is a business (class) that is
owned and operated by one person (distinguishing
characteristics).
◦ Uses research-based information
Informal
○ Definition based on a person’s personal views
 Technical
○ Uses technical language or
Styles in Defining specialized vocabulary of a field
○ A formal definition
○ Ex. A set is a group whose
members are called elements
of the set. A member of a set is
said to belong to the set. If one
set contains every elements of
another set, then the second
set is a subset of the first.
Popular
○ Uses layman’s language
○ Ex. A set is a group of things
that belong together. Often
the group members can be
subdivided into subgroups.
For example, a family is a
group of people who are
related by blood. One
subgroup of the family is the
parents; another subgroup is
the children.
 19

Organization
 ○ A general statement that defines the term,
followed by sentences that develop and
Deductive Order detail the general statement
○ Followed by formal definition
○ Ex. Effective leadership is characterized by
a balance between gentleness and
firmness… (examples of situations that
illustrate that balance can be presented in
the succeeding sentences).
 21

Structure
(Creative ○ Saying what it is not, then saying what it
Writing) is.
○ Ex. Love is not selfish and does not seek
harm. It is other-person centered and
seeks happiness and protection of the
beloved
 22

○ For topics whose definition has changed

Chronological through time
Structure
○ Ex. During the Middle Ages, beauty was
defined as _________. In the Renaissance
Period, beauty was _________. In the early
19th century, beauty meant _________.
Today, beauty is a multi-faceted concept: it
can be physical, moral or economic.
 23

Language Points
 ○ The present tense is usually used when
Language Points defining a term, with the past tense often
reserved for tracing the historical
development of the concept.
○ Use of indefinite article in the 1st part of
the definition (A, An, The)
○ Use of restrictive relative clause in the 2nd
part of the definition.
 25

Restrictive Relative Clause:

○ Relative pronoun + verb + prepositional
Language Points phrase(s)
Helium is a gas which consists of two protons,
two neutrons, and two electrons
○ Relative pronoun + verb to be +
prepositional phrase(s)
Enamel is a hard, white inorganic material that
is on the crown of a tooth.
 26

Restrictive Relative Clause:

○ Passive verb + additional information
Language Points A theater is a building specifically designed for
dramatic performances.
○ Relative pronoun + adjective ending in
-ble + additional information
A robot is a multiprogrammable device that is
capable of performing the work of a human.
 “
27

Creative thinking inspires

ideas. Ideas inspire change.
 28

Activity:

Answer Enrichment 1 in page 57

 29

Thanks!
Any questions?
By: Subong, Solamo, Egot, Baguna, Agus