Review of Valence Electrons

NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS = GROUP NUMBER

• ELECTRONS IN VALENCE/OUTERMOST SHELL
• FURTHEST FROM NUCLEUS  LOOSELY
BOUNDED TO NUCLEUS
• HIGHEST ENERGY LEVEL (MOST ACTIVE)

FOR THIS REASON, IN THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL

BONDING, WE ARE ONLY INTERESTED IN
VALENCE ELECTRONS!
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Understand the ‘basic need’ for chemical bonds
• Understand the formation/occurrence of different
kinds of chemical bonds:
1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
3. Metallic bonds
• Compare & Contrast the different chemical bonds
• Derive the chemical formulae for compounds
 Chemical Bonding
WHAT IS CHEMICAL
BONDING?
• Attraction between atoms
• ‘glue’ which holds atoms together
to make elements (molecules) or
compounds

HOW CHEMICAL BOND

OCCURS?
• By sharing of electrons between
atoms
• complete transfer of electrons
 Chemical Bonding
Why CHEMICAL BONDING?
• to lower the energy level of the
atoms.
• For atoms to achieve stability
through formation of bonds.

Types of chemical bonding

• Ionic bond (completes transfer of
electrons)
• covalent bond (equal sharing of
electrons)
• complete transfer of electrons frOM METALLIC TO
NON-METALLIC ATOM
•electrostatic force of attraction between +ve and –ve ions.
• opposites attract (cations attracted to anions)
• usually metals + non-metals form ionic bond
• Na [2,8,1] + Cl [2,8,7]  Na+ [2,8] + Cl- [2,8,8]
Sodium gives away 1 electron (cation) to chlorine (anion),
thus ionic bond exist between them.

Ionic Bonds
LEWIS DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS FOR IONIC
BOND

ALUMINIUM
OXIDE

SODIUM CHLORIDE CALCIUM FLUORIDE

 IONIC COMPOUNDS
(giant ionic lattice)
• COMPOUNDS WHERE OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS
ARE HELD TOGETHER BY ELECTROSTATIC
ATTRACTION
• IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
(NaCl, Na2O, MgCl2, MgO)

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
1. HIGH M.P & B.P
2. HARD & BRITTLE STRUCTURE
SOLID STATE
3. GENERALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER
4. ABILITY TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN
BOTH AQUEOUS OR MOLTEN STATE.
 1. Draw Lewis Dot and Cross diagrams for
the following ionic compounds:
Showing only the valence electrons
(a) Magnesium Nitride
(b) Potassium iodide
(c) Sodium fluoride

2. What happens when salt dissolves in

water? Why can’t we see the dissolved
salt?
(contributed from I Nung, 107)
Covalent Bonding ………
Stay Tune
COVALENT BONDS • Occurs when 2 or more non-metallic atoms share
electrons to gain a stable full valence shell
• These atoms have the same ‘liking’ for electrons
(generally they gain electrons)
• There must be equal sharing of electrons between
the atoms. For example:
•• ••

H + Cl••
•
• H Cl •
•
••

• Use lines to represent shared pair(s) of

electrons. For example:
COVALENT
BONDS

LEWIS Dot and cross

diagrams
 COVALENT BONDING
(SIMPLE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE)
• Substances with covalent
bonding exists as MOLECULES.
• Low melting & boiling point
• Poor/non-electrical conducting
• Generally insoluble in water

Are covalent bonds weak? Water existing

as H20 molecules
Based on the strength of covalent bonds,
1. Are covalent bonds considered weak or
strong?
2. Are the covalent bonds in H2O broken
when we melt/boil water?
Draw Lewis dot and cross diagrams for
the following simple molecular
compounds:
(a) Nitrogen gas
(b) Nitrogen monoxide
(c) Boron trichloride
(d) Phosphorous trichloride
(e) Phosphorous pentachloride
 METALS (METALLIC BOND)

Example: Pure Zinc

Example: Brass (Cu & Zn)

Pure Metals Alloys (mixture of metals)

- Orderly arrangement of - Orderly arrangement of
atoms of same sizes. atoms disrupted by
different atoms of different
sizes.
 METALLIC BONDS
(Strong electrostatic force of attraction)
 Physical Properties of Metals
(Giant Metallic Lattice)
• High melting and boiling point
• Good conductors of electricity in both solid and
liquid states
• Malleable and ductile (can be bent into different
shapes)
• Insoluble in water

Difference between
Alloys and Pure
Metals…….
1. Rank the following metallic elements
in increasing order of melting point:
Aluminium, Sodium,Magnesium

2. Compare & Contrast between Pure

metals and Alloys. (Present in the
form of a table)

3. Show the arrangement of atoms in

pure copper and also the bonding
inside the metal.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF BONDS

Ionic & Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding

1. Compare & Contrast amongst ionic,
covalent and metallic bonding.
(Present in the form of a table)

2. Summarise your understanding of this

topic in the form of concept map/flow
chart.

3. TB, Pg 100, Qn: 6 & 7 (Foundation)

TB, Pg 100, Qn 3 (Challenge)
TB, Pg 117, Qn 2 (Foundation)
TB, Pg 117, Qn 2 & 3 (Challenge)

The End