Thermodynamics assignment presentation

Topics: joule kelvin effect

Entropy
1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics

Name:
Pericharla Ravi Varma
18M637
B.E. MECHANICAL (S.W.)
 JOULE KELVIN EFFECT
• The Joule-Thomson effect also known as Kelvin–Joule effect or Joule-Kelvin effect is the
change in fluid’s temperature as it flows from a higher pressure region to lower pressure.
 Derivation of JOULE-KELVIN EFFECT
• According to the thermodynamic principle, the Joule-kelvin effect can be explained best by
considering a separate gas packet placed in the opposite flow of direction for restriction. For the gas
packet to pass through, the upstream gas needs to perform some work to push through the packet.
The work equals the volume of the packet multiplied by the times of upstream pressure.

• W 1 =V packet 1 ×P 1

• As the packet goes through the restriction, it has to make some room by displacing a considerable
amount of the downstream gas. It includes performing the work which equals the product of packet
volume and downstream pressure.
• W 2 =V packet 2 ×P 2

• Due to the different effects of compressibility, the work performed upstream is not equal to
the amount of work done downstream for real gases. Since depressuring is viewed as an
adiabatic process, it reveals that any gas does not exchange work or heat by its
surroundings, any change in internal energy has to follow the first law of thermodynamics.

• U 2 −U 1 =W 1 −W 2

• Gas molecules are subjected to repulsive and attractive forces, (Van der Waals forces) as
they are in random motion. When the gas pressure is lowered, i.e, the average distance
between the molecules increases, the attractive forces become dominant for many gases at
ambient temperature which results in an elevation in potential energy.
• Most of the real gases need more work downstream at ambient temperature, due to the
effects of compressibility.

• P 1 ×V 1 <P 2 ×V 2

• This indicates that the internal energy decreases when the gas passes through the
restriction.

• It can be generalized that for many real gases, the temperature decreases during a
reduction in pressure, but not true for every gas and condition. DE pressuring is an
isenthalpic process which reveals that enthalpy doesn’t change. The temperature can
either decrease or increase for any gas based on how the internal energy changes to
maintain the enthalpy constant.
 JOULE-THOMSON CO-EFFICIENT
• μJT=(∂T∂P)H
• The following table explains when the Joule-Thomson effect cools or warms a real
gas:
 DERIVATION OF JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT

• Joule Thomson coefficient can be derived using the thermodynamic

relationships and is defined as the isenthalpic change in temperature in the
fluid due to pressure drop is given as:
 APPLICATIONS OF JOULE-KELVIN
EFFECT
• The cooling produced in the Joule-Thomson expansion has made it a very
valuable tool in refrigeration.
• The effect is applied in the Linde technique in the petrochemical industry,
where the cooling effect is used to liquefy gases.
• It is also used in many cryogenic applications. For example for the
production of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.
• The effect can also be used to liquefy even helium
 Why is Joule Thomson not applicable to hydrogen gas?

• Joule Thomson is applicable to hydrogen gas but at lower temperatures.

This is because when they are at higher temperatures, they are close to
behaving like an ideal gas.
 ENTROPY
• Entropy, the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature
that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from
ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the
molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system. The concept of entropy
provides deep insight into the direction of spontaneous change for many
everyday phenomena. Its introduction by the German physicist Rudolf
Clausius in 1850 is a highlight of 19th-century physics.
 Properties of Entropy
• It is a thermodynamic function.
• It is a state function. It depends on the state of the system and not the path that is
followed.
• It is represented by S but in the standard state, it is represented by S°.
• It’s SI unit is J/Kmol.
• It’s CGS unit is cal/Kmol.
• Entropy is an extensive property which means that it scales with the size or extent
of a system.
 Entropy change and calculations
• During entropy change, a process is defined as the amount of heat emitted
or absorbed isothermally and reversibly divided by the absolute
temperature. Entropy formula is given as
• ∆S = qrev,iso/T
If we add the same quantity of heat at a higher temperature and lower
temperature, randomness will be maximum at a lower temperature. Hence, it
suggests that temperature is inversely proportional to the entropy.
• Total entropy change, ∆Stotal =∆Ssurroundings+∆Ssystem
• Total entropy change is equal to the sum of entropy change of system and
surroundings.
• If the system loses an amount of heat q at a temperature T1, which is received by
surroundings at a temperature T2.
• So,∆Stotal can be calculated
• ∆Ssystem=-q/T1
• ∆Ssurrounding=q/T2
• ∆Stotal=-q/T1+q/T2
 Entropy change during the isothermal reversible expansion of an ideal
gas

• ∆S = qrev,iso/T

• According to the first law of thermodynamics,

∆U=q+w
For the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, ∆U = 0
qrev = -wrev = nRTln(V2/V1)
• Therefore,
∆S = nRln(V2/V1)
 Entropy Change During Reversible Adiabatic
Expansion
• For an adiabatic process heat exchange will be zero(q=0), therefore reversible adiabatic
expansion is taking place at a constant entropy (isentropic),

• q=0
• Therefore,
• ∆S = 0
• Even though the reversible adiabatic expansion is isentropic, irreversible adiabatic
expansion is not isentropic.
• ∆S not equal to Zero.
 Applications of entropy
• There are many applications of entropy in our daily life, actually wherever thermodynamics applications occur
entropy comes in picture. Entropy is a property, so each and every substance or thing which is in universe
having it.

• Our universe runs because of heat transfer between any two more things like sun transfers energy to whole
earth and other planets that’s why whole solar system are running. If we talk about heat transfer in the earth,
the simplest example is our vehicles. Car runs by engine while engine works on the principle of heat
interaction between fuel and mechanism of the engine ( piston to crankshaft and crankshaft to wheels ). Other
examples are boiling of water , running of any machine etc. These all are the examples of heat transfer, and
wherever heat transfer takes place entropy of the universe increases. And it continuously increases until whole
system comes in thermal equilibrium (means no further heat transfer takes place) which leads to heat death.
GENERAL EXAMPLES OF ENTROPY
• If we take other examples of entropy without considering heat transfer
,then it will be the increase in uncertainty. Whatever we do in the universe
it leads to increase in entropy, like - breaking a piece of glass, breaking an
egg, even when we eat, breathe or do any work that leads to increase in
entropy because every work is irreversible and irreversible work leads to
increase in entropy.
 PRINCIPLE OF ENTROPY
• The entropy principle holds that all spontaneous transformations in an
isolated system proceed in the direction of increasing entropy, such
transformations manifest in either the dispersal of gradients or the
dissipation of high-grade energy into low-grade energy eventually into
heat energy.
 First law of thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of
conservation of energy. This means that heat energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one location to another and
converted to and from other forms of energy.
 Second law of thermodynamics
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that processes that
involve the transfer or conversion of heat energy are
irreversible.