SIGNALS

UNIT 1
SIGNALS
TRANSMISSION OF SIGNAL
 SIGNAL
• A signal can be defined as a physical quantity that
varies with time, space or any other independent
variables or variables
• Signal depends on one variable –1D Signal
Eg: Ac Power Signal
Speech Signal

• Signal depends on two variable – 2D Signal

Eg: Pictures
X-ray images
 SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION

Signal classification
Continuous Time Discrete Time

Even Odd

Periodic Nonperiodic/Aperiodic
Deterministic Random

Energy Power
 CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE
SIGNAL
 Continuous or analog
signals take on all possible
values of amplitude, x(t)

 Digital or discrete signals

defined at discrete instant
of time , x(n)

x(nT)= x(t)|t=nT

7
 Deterministic vs. Random
• DETERMINISTIC - Each
value of the signal is fixed
and can be determined by a
mathematical expression.

• RANDOM- has a lot of

uncertainty about its
behavior.
 Periodic vs. Aperiodic

 PERIODIC signals repeat

with some period T

 Aperiodic, or Nonperiodic,
signals do not
Even vs. Odd

Even signal

Odd signal
 Causal vs. Anticausal vs. Noncausal

• CAUSAL signals are signals

that are zero for all negative
time

• ANTICAUSAL are signals

that are zero for all positive
time

• NONCAUSAL signals are

signals that have nonzero
values in both positive and
negative time
 Problems
• Sketch the continuous time signal x(t)=2sin∏t for an
interval 0≤t ≤2. Sample the discrete time signal with a
sampling period T=0.2sec and then sketch the
discrete time signal.
• Solution
Given
x(t)= 2sin ∏t
To sketch the signal, we have to find the values of x(t) for
different values of t, that is
x(0)= 0
x(0.25)= sqrt 2 x (2)= 0
x(0.5)= 2 x (0.75)= sqrt 2
x(1)= 0 x (1.25)= -sqrt 2
x(1.5)= -2 x (1.75)= -sqrt 2
Take t on x-axis and x(t) on y-axis. Mark the above points
and join all the points by a smooth curve to get a continuous
time signal.
• Given sampling period T=0.2
X(nT)=x(t)|t=nT
= x(t)|t=0.2n
= x(0.2n)
x(nT) = 2sin ∏(0.2n) = 2sin (0.2 ∏n)
Now the samples of discrete time signal can be obtained
by substituting n=0,1,2,…..
x(0)=0 x(3)= 2sin(0.6 ∏)=1.902
x(1)=1.175 x(4)=1.175
x(2)= 1.902 x(5)=0
…………………x(10)
• The sequence x(n) can be written as
• x(n)= {0, 1.175, 1.902, 1.902,1.175,0,-1.175,-
1.902, -1.902,-1.175,0}

Take the index n on x-axis and x(n) on y-axis.

Sketch the following Signals
• a) Sketch the signal x(t)=e-t for an interval 0≤t
≤2. sample the signal with a sampling period
T=0.2 second and then sketch the discrete time
signal
 Sketch the following signals

a) d)

b) x(t)=e2t for -2≤t ≤2

c) x(n)= (0.8)n for 0≤n ≤10

0 otherwise