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CHM361
CHAPTER 3:
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
3) Explain semiconductor.
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SOLID
Rigid arrangement.
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Crystal vs amorphous solid
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TERM
Unit Cell
Smallest part of a crystal which if repeated in 3D space
would produce the entire cell.
Basic building block of the crystal.
Lattice Points
Points or corner where atoms, ions or molecules are placed.
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TERM
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TERM
Coordination number
The number of atoms or ions surrounding an atom or ions
in a crystal lattice.
The value is a measurement of how tightly the spheres are
packed together.
The larger the value, the closers the spheres are to each
other.
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CUBIC LATICE SYSTEM (SIMPLE CUBIC)
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CUBIC LATICE SYSTEM (BODY-CENTERED CUBIC)
Consist of 8 lattice point at the corners of the cube & 1 lattice point at the
centre of the unit cell.
Eg: Na, Fe
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Consist of 8 lattice point at the corners of the cube & 1 lattice point at
the centre of each face.
Eg: Cu, Au
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COUNTING THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
IN A UNIT CELL
Particles in a unit cell can be seen at the lattice point but may
not contribute the whole entities to the unit.
Particles located on edges, faces & corner are actually
shared by neighboring unit cell.
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COUNTING THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
IN A UNIT CELL
Particles at the corner
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TYPE OF CRYSTAL
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Coordination number of 8.
The bcc arrangement does not allow the atoms to pack together as
closely as the fcc or hcp arrangements.
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (FCC)
The fcc unit cell consists of a net total of four atoms; eight
from corners atoms and six of the face atoms.
1
8 at the corner : 8 1
8
1
6 at the faces : 6 3
2
the atoms can pack closer together than they can in the bcc
structure.
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (HCP)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKpr-9vmgsc
coordination number is 12 . Six nearest neighbors in the same close
packed layer, three in the layer above and three in the layer below.
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (HCP)
there are 6 atoms in the hcp unit cell. 12 atoms in the corners of the
top and bottom layers, the two atoms in the center of the hexagon of
both the top and bottom layers and each of the three atom in the
middle layer.
1
12 at the corner (top & bottom) : 12 2
6
1
2 at the center (top & bottom) : 2 1
2
3 at the middle : 3 1 3
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METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (HCP)
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IONIC CRSYTAL
it has no directionality.
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IONIC CRSYTAL (NaCl)
6:6-co-ordinated.
1
6 Na ions at the face : 6 3 Na ions
2
1
12 Cl ions at the edge : 12 3 Cl ions
4
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**4 sodium ions & 4 chlorides ion
contained within the unit cell.
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IONIC CRSYTAL (NaCl)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1) High melting point.
Strong electrostatic forces between ions of opposite charge.
Requires more energy to overcome the attraction.
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IONIC CRSYTAL (CsCl)
Simple Cubic.
8:8-co-ordinated.
Cs+
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Cl-
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IONIC CRSYTAL (CsCl)
1
8 Cl ions at the corner : 8 1 Cl ions
8
Non-metals.
Allotropes of carbon.
- pure forms of the same element that differ in structure.
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GIANT MOLECULE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
(DIAMOND)
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GIANT MOLECULE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
(GRAPHITE)
Each C is connected with 3 other C by covalent bond forming 6-member
rings that form flat layer which are held loosely by weak VDW forces.
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GIANT MOLECULE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
(GRAPHITE)
has a high melting point, similar to that of diamond.
In order to melt graphite, it isn't enough to loosen one sheet from
another.
have to break the covalent bonding throughout the whole structure.
6-member rings form flat layer which are held loosely by weak VDW
forces.
The layers are able to slide past each other, resulting in softness of
graphite.
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(VACANCY)
An atom is missing from its regular atomic site.
When some lattice sites left vacant while the formation of crystal.
Because of missing the atom, the density of substance decreases.
The vacancy defect develops on heating of substance.
When the temperature is sufficiently high, the atoms vibrate around
their regular positions, some acquire enough energy to leave the site
completely.
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(SCHOTTKY)
A pair of one cation and one anion missing from regular sites in ionic
crystal.
Almost similar in size, such as NaCl, KCl, CsCl
the number of missing cations is equal to the number of missing anions
in order to maintain the electrical neutrality of the ionic compound.
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(INTERSTITIAL)
when an atom occupies a definite position in the lattice that is not
normally occupied in the perfect crystal.
some atoms occupy sites at which; generally there is no atom in the
crystal structure.
Because of the interstitial defects, the number of atoms becomes larger
than the number of lattice sites.
Increase in number of atoms increases the density of substance
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(FRENKEL)
an ion displaced from a regular site to an interstitial site in ionic crystal.
As cations are generally the smaller ones, it is possible for them to get
displaced into the void space.
Anions do not get displaced as the void space is too small compared to
the size of the anions.
As there are a number of cations and anions (which remain equal even
because of defect); the density of the substance & the overall electrical
neutrality of the crystal does not change.
such as ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, AgI
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(METAL EXCESS DEFECT)
(a) Metal excess defects due to anionic vacancies:
missing of anions from regular site leaving a hole which is occupied by
electron to maintain the neutrality of the compound.
The trapped electrons are called F-centers or color centers because
they are responsible for imparting color to the crystal.
This defect is common in NaCl, KCl, LiCl,.
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(METAL EXCESS DEFECT)
(b) Metal excess defect due to presence of extra cations at interstitial
sites
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(METAL DEFICIENCY DEFECT)
Solids which have less metals compare to ideal stoichiometric proportion.
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CRYSTAL DEFECT
(METAL DEFICIENCY DEFECT)
Arise due to cationic vacancies. It occurs when positive ions are missing
from its crystal lattice.
To maintain electrical neutrality, one of the nearest metal ion acquires two
positive charge.
This type of defect occurs in compounds where the same metal can
exhibit variable valency.
Transition metal compounds like NiO, FeO, FeS.
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SEMICONDUCTOR
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SEMICONDUCTOR
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SEMICONDUCTOR
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SEMICONDUCTOR (N-TYPE)
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SEMICONDUCTOR (P-TYPE)
P-positive (holes)
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METALLIC BONDING
strong bonds.
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BAND THEORY OF METALS
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BAND THEORY OF METALS
Conduction Band
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Conduction Band Conduction Band
ENERGY
Band Gap
Band Gap
Current flows when electrons move from the valence band to the conduction
band.
For a filled band to conduct, e- must be promoted from the highest occupied MO
to the lowest unoccupied MO.
The amount of energy required to promote these will determine how well the
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substance conducts.
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BAND THEORY OF METALS
In metal, the valence band & conducting band are adjacent to each
other.
Means, electron can travel freely through the metal (from the valence
band to the conduction band).
Current flows when electrons move from the valence band to the
conduction band.
IONIC
GIANT
METALLIC
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