Introduction:

Classification and Properties of Materials

Lecture 1

Humayun Kabir, Lecturer, Dept. of MME

Materials Science and Engineering
 Materials Science
 The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.

 Materials Engineering
 The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material to
produce a predetermined set of properties based on established structure-
property correlation.

2 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Materials Science and Engineering
 Four Major Components

 Structure of Materials
 Properties of Materials
 Processing of Materials
 Performance of Materials

The broad goal of Materials Science is to understand and

‘engineer’ this tetrahedron

3 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

4 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET
Classification

 List the Major Types of MATERIALS That You Know:

 METALS
 CERAMICS
 POLYMERS
 COMPOSITES
 ADVANCED MATERIALS

5 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Classification of Materials

 Metals
 Polymers
 Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper,
 Plastics, Wood, Cotton (rayon,
Titanium, many others nylon), “glue”

 Ceramics
 Composites
 Glass, Concrete, Brick, Alumina,
 Glass Fiber-reinforced polymers,
Zirconia, SiN, SiC Carbon Fiber-reinforced polymers,
Metal Matrix Composites, etc.

6 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

 Classification of Materials
Metals and alloys:
Composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium,
gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen)

 relatively dense
 relatively stiff and strong, yet are
ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts
of deformation without fracture), and
are resistant to fracture
 high thermal & electrical
conductivity
 good magnetic properties
 opaque, reflective

7 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

 Classification of Materials
Ceramics:
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic
aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), cement and glass.

 relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals
 typically very hard but they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture
 They are insulative to the passage of heat and electricity but can be made
electrically conductive
 resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals
 Magnetic Property( Fe2O3);
8 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET
Classification of Materials
Polymers:
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic
compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements (viz. O, N, and Si).

 low densities
 not as stiff nor as strong as other material types
 are extremely ductile
 soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures,
 they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic

9 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Classification of Materials
Composites:
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials,
which come from the categories discussed above—
viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers

One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass,

 Small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester)
 The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle),
 whereas the polymer is more flexible.
 Thus, fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong (Figures 1.4 and 1.5) and flexible. In addition, it has a low density (Figure 1.3).

10 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Comparison of Properties

11 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Comparison of Properties

12 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Comparison of Properties

13 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Comparison of Properties

14 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Comparison of Properties

15 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Classification of Materials

Advanced Materials:

 Semiconductor Materials
 Biomaterials
 Materials For Future
-Smart Materials ---- Nano-engineered Materials

16 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Semiconductors

Solar Cells

OLED
Technology

17 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Biomaterials
Example – Hip Implant
 With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those with large
loads (such as hip).

18 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

Smart Materials
Sensors
 Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers , piezoelectric materials (including
some polymers), and micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS)

Actuators

 Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators:

1. shape memory alloys,
2. piezoelectric ceramics,
3. magnetostrictive materials, and
4. electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids
19 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET
 Nano Materials

Size Comparisons

•The diameter of your hair is approximately

50,000-100,000 nanometers

•Your finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second

•A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by

side is 1 nanometer long

20 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

COMPUTING
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Faster processing speeds: miniaturization allows more transistors to

be packed on a computer chip
 More memory: nanosized features on memory chips allow more
information to be stored
 Thermal management solutions for electronics: novel carbon-based
nanomaterials carry away heat generated by sensitive electronics

21 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

 BATTERIES
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

 Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge: nanoparticles or

nanotubes on electrodes provide high surface area and allow more current to
flow
 Longer life: nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes from degrading so
batteries can be recharged over and over

22 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

 CANCER

Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

 Earlier detection: specialized nanoparticles that target cancer cells
only – these nanoparticles can be easily imaged to find small
tumors
 Improved treatments: infrared light that shines on the body is
absorbed by the specialized nanoparticles in the cancer cells only,
leading to an increased localized temperature that selectively kills
the cancer cells but leaves normal cells unharmed

23 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

SENSORS
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
 Higher sensitivity: high surface area of nanostructures that allows for
easier detection of chemicals, biological toxins, radiation, disease, etc.

 Miniaturization: nanoscale fabrication methods that can be used to

make smaller sensors that can be hidden and integrated into various
objects

24 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

MATERIALS OF IMPORTANCE

25 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET

 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
26 Humayun Kabir, Dept of MME, BUET
 Textbook Reference:

Material Science and Engineering

An Introduction
by William D. Callister, Jr

Eighth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.