INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
What is turbine?
Turbine is a hydraulic machine that
utilises the energy of fluids to move
other types of machineries.
An example of turbine usage can be
seen in a hydroelectric power plant.
Turbines are generally divided into
Impulse and Reaction turbines.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Impulse turbines
This turbine derive its energy
from a jet of water exiting out of
a nozzle and shooting at the
blades of the turbine. The most
common type is Pelton Wheel
Turbine and its suitable for
medium head and low
discharge. 2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Reaction turbines
A reaction turbine derives its power from the equal
and opposite reactive power of fluid passing between
its blades and classified in 3 types of flows which are
radial, axial and mixed flow. Two popular types are
the Francis turbine and the propeller turbine.

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 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Francis turbines are effective on a very wide range of heads
(medium head) and are very much used in spite of their
relatively high cost. Usually work in radial flow but also can in
mixed flow.
A propeller (Kaplan) turbine is an axial flow machine with its
runner confined in a closed conduit. A propeller turbine is
often set on a vertical axis, and can also be set on a horizontal
axis or a slightly inclined axis. A propeller turbine is suitable
for operation with low head and large amount of discharge.

4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
What is pump?
Pump is a hydraulic machine which supply energy
to fluid in certain operation.
An example of turbine usage can be seen in such
as in water distribution system.
Pumps are generally divided into positive
displacement and rotodynamic pumps.
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 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Rotodynamic pumps consist of a rotating device known
as an impeller. The fluid that needs to be pumped
enters a casing near the shaft of the impeller. Vanes
attached to the spinning impeller increases the velocity
of the pumped fluid and moves the fluid out through an
outlet.
The most common and popular pump under the
rotodynamic pump category is the centrifugal pump
and the propeller pumps.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Centrifugal pumps produce radial flow and
mixed flow according to the fluid path. Thus,
centrifugal pumps are also referred to as
radial and mixed flow pumps.
Meanwhile, propeller pumps also consist of
an impeller, which produces axial flow for the
fluid.

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 POWER
POWER AND
AND EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY OF
OF PUMP
PUMP
Figure below shows the process of pump in a operation.
The mechanical energy through the shaft and impeller is
converted to fluid energy. The difference between the total
energy heads at the intake and discharge flanges of the
pump is denoted as net head, H developed in the pump.
The intake end (inlet flow), of a pump is commonly known
as a suction end while the discharge end (outlet flow) of a
pump is called a delivery end.

8
POWER
POWER AND
AND EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY OF
OF PUMP
PUMP
The equation below shows the relationship between a
suction head and a discharge head.
 Pd Vd2   Ps Vs2 
H '  H d  H s    zd      zs  
  2 g    2 g 

Where:
b = width
Vf= V sin α = flow velocity

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POWER
POWER AND
AND EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY OF
OF PUMP
PUMP
The power absorbed by the water from the actions of an
impeller is given as shown on the right.
Where:
Vu = V cos α = swirl velocity
 = rate of shaft rotation
in radians per second

Power at suction end also known as power in while

power at discharge end is called power out. 10
POWER
POWER AND
AND EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY OF
OF PUMP
PUMP
The overall efficiency of a pump is given as,
power delivered to the fluid
0 
power into the shaft  Brake power 

However, the sum of hydraulic, volumetric and

mechanical efficiency also yields the overall efficiency
for a pump. Thus, the overall efficiency of a pump
can also be written shown below.   Pd    
O v m H
Ps
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EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 10.1
10.1
A centrifugal pump is needed to supply 23m3/s of
water for a city. This operation will utilise a net head H
of 20 m with a specific speed N of 450 rpm. Given that
the inflow power Ps is 5000 kW, calculate
a) Outflow power, Pd
b) The overall efficiency, ηo
Assume that the density of water ρ is 1000 kg/m3 at
5oC.
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 EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 10.1:
10.1: SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Outflow Power, Po o
Overall Efficiency
Po  QH '
Po
= 1000 X 9.81 X 20 X 23  o  x 100%
Pi
= 4512.6 kW
4512.6
 x100%
5000
= 90.3%

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CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF PUMP
PUMP CURVE
CURVE
The efficiency of a pump varies considerably
depending upon the conditions under which it must
operate. It is important to have information regarding
the performance of various pumps when selecting a
pump for a given situation. Though some centrifugal
pumps are driven by variable speed motors, the usual
mode of operation of pump is at constant speed.

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CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF PUMP
PUMP CURVE
CURVE

The pump characteristic

curve (head versus capacity)
and other performance
curves for a typical mixed-
flow centrifugal pump are
shown in figure on the right.

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CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OF PUMP
PUMP CURVE
CURVE
This particular pump has a normal capacity or rated
capacity of 10 500 gpm when developing a normal
head of 60 ft at an opening speed of 1450 rpm.
normal or rated is corresponds to the point of
optimum efficiency or BEP (best efficiency point).
Curves such as shown in the figure are usually
determined by pump manufacturers through
laboratory testing.
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CAVITATION
CAVITATION
An important factor in the satisfactory operation of a
pump is the avoidance of cavitation, both for the good
efficiency and for the prevention of impeller damage.
As liquid passes through the impeller of a pump,
there is a change in pressure. If the absolute
pressure of the liquid drops the vapour pressure,
cavitation will occur.
The region of vaporization hinders the flow and
places a limit on the capacity of the pump.
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CAVITATION
CAVITATION
As the fluid moves further into a region of higher
pressure, the bubbles collapse and the implosion of
the bubbles may cause pitting of the impeller.
Cavitation is most likely to occur near the point of
discharge (periphery) of radial flow and mixed flow
impellers, where velocities are highest.
It may also occur on the suction side of the impeller,
where the pressures are the lowest.
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PARALLEL PUMP
If two similar pumps A and B are connected in
parallel, the combined discharge will be the sum of
individual discharges QA and QB.
Qtotal = QA + QB

htotal = hA = hB

However, the head, h (pressure head) is same in

both pumps and will be the net head of combined
discharge. 19
SERIES PUMP
If two similar pumps 1 and 2 are connected in series,
the discharge will not change and the head will
added up.

Qtotal = QA = QB
htotal = hA + hB
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