Programmable logic

controller
(PLC)
 Introduction
 A programmable logic controller (PLC) or
programmable controller is a digital computer used for
automation of electromechanical processes, such as control
of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides,
or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and
machines, such as packaging and semiconductor machines.
 Binary number
 The numbering system that we are familiar with is the decimal or
the base ten number system.
 In decimal system ten digit are used to represent the number
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. historically, this may be so because man has 10
fingers and therefore simple calculations – adding and subtracting.
 However, decimal system is not suitable in digital electronics circuit
because the circuit can only accept two voltage states.
 the more appropriate numbering system for digital electronics
circuit is the binary number system.
 In the binary number system, only two digits are used, 0 and 1. this
system is knows as the base two number system.
 Logic concept

 In digital electronics systems, all information must be in one

of the two logic states of ‘0’ or ‘1’, while low voltage is
represented by logic ‘0’
 Logic gate
 Logic gate are the basic component
in building other digital device. It is a
component with only one output, and
one or more input.
 The output of any logic gate depends
on the input.
 Different kinds of gate produce
different output.
 Example of logic gates
NOT
NOT

EXCLUSIVE
EXCLUSIVEOR
OR AND
AND

Logic
Logicgates
gates

NOR
NOR OR
OR

NAND
NAND
 NOT GATE
 The note gate is the very basic gate in digital electronics.
 It is different from all other digital gates because it has only one input
and one output
 The operation of the NOT gate is to invert the input logic at the output
 If the input of the NOT gate is at logic ‘0’, the gate will invert this input
to a logic ‘1’ at the output and vice versa.

Input Output
A Y A Y

Input Outp 0 1
ut 1 0
( Symbol of NOT gate )

( Truth Table )
 Notice a small circle at the output of the NOT gate.
 This circle means that it is an inverted operation
 Other than the truth table, the operation of the NOT gate can also be
represented in a logical expression with the Y output being equivalent to the
inversion of input A as in the following expression
 The equation or logical expression of a digital gate is also named the
Boolean expression

Y=A
 AND GATE
 The AND gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs but
only one output
 The output of an AND gate will only be in logic ‘1’ if both of the
inputs are logic ‘1’

Input Output
A
Y A B Y
0 0 0
B
0 1 0
Input Output 1 0 0
1 1 1

( Symbol of AND gate )

( Truth Table )
 The logical operation of AND gate can be expressed as the
Y output being equivalent to the A input AND with B input
as the following logical expression.

Y=A.
B
 OR GATE
 The OR gate is similar to the AND gate.
 It has two or more inputs but only one output
 For the OR gate, the output will become logic ‘1’ if one or
both of the inputs are at logic ‘1’
Input Output
A B Y
A
Y 0 0 0
B 0 1 1

Output
1 0 1
Input
1 1 1
( Symbol of OR gate )
( Truth table )
 The logic expression of the Y output for an OR gate is
equivalent to A OR B is shown in the following expression

Y=A+B
 NAND GATE
 The NAND gate is constructed from the combination of AND
and gate and NOT gate with the output of a AND gate
connected to a NOT gate
 The symbol of the NAND gate is the same as AND with a
small circle at the output.
 The small circle indicates that the output of a NAND gate is
inverted output of an AND gate.

A A
= Y
Y
B B
( input ) ( Output )

(combinational circuit) ( Symbol )

 The Y output for a NAND gate is equal to the inverted input
of A AND B as in the following expression
Y=A.B

 For a NAND gate, the output is at logic ‘0’ if both inputs to

the gate are at logic ‘1’
 This is shown in the NAND gate truth table

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 NOR GATE
 The NOR gate is constructed by combining a NOT gate and
OR gate.
 The symbol for a NOR gate is the same as that of an OR
gate except that a NOT gate at the output is represented by
a small circle

A A
Y = Y

B B
( Input ) ( Output )

( Combinational circuit ) ( Symbol )

 The output of a NOR gate is at logic ‘1’ if both of the inputs
are at logic ‘0’
 This is shown in the truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

 The output of a NOR gate is equal to the inversion of the

input of A or B as in expression below

Y=A+B
 EXCLUSIVE OR GATE
 The function of an Exclusive OR gate is similar to an OR
gate , but if both inputs are at the same logic state, for
example , both at logic ‘0’ or both at logic ‘1’ then the
output gate is at logic ‘0’
 The symbol and truth table for an Exclusive OR gate is
shown below. INPUT OUTPUT
A A B Y
Y 0 0 0
B 0 1 1
( Input ) ( Output ) 1 0 1
1 1 0
( Symbol )
( Truth table )
 The logic expression for an Exclusive OR gate is as follows :

Y=A B

 An Exclusive OR gate is constructed with the combination of

three basic gates which are the NOT, AND, and OR gates.