Stress – strain Diagram

- As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total

elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load
and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place.

Ductile Materials
- one having relatively large strains up to the point of rupture like
structural steel and aluminum.

Brittle Materials
- a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and
concrete.

Note: An arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing

line between these two classes.
Example of Stress – strain Diagram
Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law)
- from the origin O to a point P called proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line.

 𝜎 ∝ 𝜖 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝐾 𝜖

Where K = Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus, E

𝜎  =𝐸 𝜖
Elastic Limit (E)
- is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed.
Elastic Range
- the region from O to P.
Plastic range
- the region from P to R.
Yield Point (P)
- the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase of load.
Ultimate Strength (U)
- the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram.
Rapture Strength (R)
- the strength of material at rapture. Also known as the breaking Strength.
Modulus of Resilience (the shaded area in the figure)
- shows the material’s ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
Modulus of Toughness (the total area from under the stress-strain
diagram)
- shows the material’s ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.
Axial Deformation

  𝑃𝐿 𝜎 𝐿
𝛿= =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸
Suspended rod deformed by it’s own weight
  𝑀𝑔𝐿
𝛿=
2 𝐴𝐸
Stiffness, k
- the ratio of the steady force acting on elastic body to the resulting
displacement.
  𝑃
𝑘=
𝛿

Shearing Deformation

  𝛿𝑠
𝛾=   𝜏
𝐿 Modulus of rigidity, G 𝐺=
𝛾

  𝑉𝐿 𝜏𝐿
𝛿 𝑠= =
𝐴𝑠𝐺 𝐺
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Seatwork:
Seatwork: