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Outline of lecture
Lecture (2 )
(Analytical chemistry -theory)
•What is Chemistry?
•What is Analytical chemistry?
•Discuss branches of Analytical chemistry?
•Quantitative analyses are classified into how many methods?
Analytical chemistry
:Analytical chemistry
Deals with methods for identification of one or more of the
components in a sample of matter and determination of the amounts of
each one.
Analytical chemistry can be divided into two types:
1-Qualitative Analysis: Involves the identification of a compound whose
identity is known or only partially known, and the powerful tools for
qualitative analysis is Spectroscopy ,Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared,
Spectrophotometry or Fluorescence, With measurements of physical
properties such as melting point.
2- Quantitative analysis : Involves the determination of the amount of a
substance present, either its percentage, or its concentration in
solution,by different methods:
Volumetric Analysis .
Gravimetric analysis.
Instrumental analysis.
Definition of some chemical terms
• Mater: is defend as anything that has mass and
occupies space.(0r is the simplest form of matter)
• Element: Is the most basic form of matter that
exists under ordinary conditions.
• Compound: Is a substance that is composed of two
or more element that chemically combined.
• Mixture: the matter do not have constant composition.
• Heterogeneous mixture: is anon uniform mixture containing two or
more phases.
• Homogeneous mixture: is the throughout and contains only one
phase.
Analyte : are the components of sample that are to be
determined.
Analysis: we analyze sample like rock sample, food sample,
blood sample, sea water sample.
Determination: we determine substances (analyte) by using
chosen method.
Example: blood sample is analyte to determine concentration
of various substance, such as sugar and other ions
Solution: a chemical system that contain two parts:solvent
and solute.
The solvent is almost water, in some time it is organic solvent
(like pyridine, benzene, ethanol, methanol…etc.) The solute is
almost ions Na, K, Ca, Cl or it can be molecules (simple
example is dissolving sugar in water)
Or Solution
• Is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single
phase.
Solute;
• The Substance dissolved in a solution is called the Solute.
Solvent;
• The dissolving medium in a solution is called solvent.
Concentration of Solution
• The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of
solute in a given amount of solvent or solution.
• Concentration: is the amount of solute exist in the solution.
• Units of weight:
• 1g = 103mg, 106mcg, 109ng, 1012pg (Kg = 1000 gm)
• In analytical chemistry, we employ the gm-formula weight,
the gram molecular weight and the gram equivalent weight.
• The mole: it is the unit used for amount of a chemical species,
is always associated with a chemical formula.