GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

INTRODUCTION
 Guidance & counselling are twin concepts &
have emerged as essential elements of every
educational activity. Guidance & counselling
are not synonymous term. Counselling is a
part of guidance.
CONCEPT
 Guidance and counselling is one of the major
application of psychology in education. It
enables or assist the individual to solve
educational, vocational and psychological
problems. Guidance and counselling helps to
develop a set of goals for future behaviour of
an individual.
PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING

 Providing the needed information &

assistance
 Helping in individual to make wise choices
 Improve the understanding of self
 Facilitate the adjustment
 Helps in adapting to the changes or new

environment
 Making self-sufficient & independent
 Efficient use of capabilities & talent
CONTD..
 Promote the optimal personal & professional
development
 Balanced physical, psychological, emotional,

social & spiritual growth

 Helps in overall development & to live

productive life
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING
 Guidance and counselling is unique to an
individual.
 Guidance and counselling is concerned with the
total development of an individual.
 Guidance is always goal oriented and goal
directed.
 Guidance and counselling should be based on a
thorough knowledge of characteristics of the
stages of human growth and development.
 Guidance and counselling is meant for all those
who need help.
CONTD..
 Guidance and counselling is not specific to
any state of development.
 Guidance and counselling is a continuous

process and should have a flexible approach.

 Guidance and counselling should be based on

reliable data.
 Guidance is a professional activity.
 Guidance and counselling should have a

flexible approach.
SCOPE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

 Guidance & counselling for personal

needs/problems
 Guidance & counselling for physical, emotional,
social, moral & marital problems
 Guidance & counselling for career advancement
 Guidance & counselling for educational
needs/problems
 Guidance & counselling for vocational,
occupational & professional needs
 Guidance & counselling for holistic individual
development
 Guidance & counselling for situational problems
GUIDANCE­

 Guidance is an assistance made available by a

competent counsellor to an individual of any
age to help him direct his own life, develop
his own point of view, make his own decision
& carry his own burden.

Hamrin & Erikson

 According to Crow and Crow, guidance is
assistance made available by professionally
qualified and adequately trained men/women
to an individual of any age to help him
manage his own life activities, develop his
own points of view, make his own decisions
and carry his own burdens
CHARACTERISTICS

 basis of guidance is individual difference

 basis of guidance is on educational and

vocational objectives
 is able to develop the insight to make his own

decisions and choices

 regards most of the individual as average

normal persons.
 is slow but a continuous process
 is universal
 is an organised service and not an incidental

activity of the school

 attempts to review the entire situation and

gives plans for future in educational,

vocational and social fields.
 is developmental as well as comprehensive
NEED FOR GUIDANCE
 Educational need
 Psychological need
 Vocational need
 Social need
 PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE

 According to Crow and Crow :

 All-round development of individuals
 Principles of individual differences
 Function of guidance is to help a person
 Guidance is related to every aspect of life
 Cooperating among persons
 Guidance is a continuous & lifelong process
 Guidance for all
 Curriculum materials and teaching procedures should evidence a
guidance point of view.
 Principles of elaboration
 Responsibility of teachers & parents
 Flexibility
 Principles of evaluation
 Principle of periodic appraisal
 Guidance by a trained person
According to Hollies and Hollies:
 The dignity of the individual is supreme.

 Each individual is different from every other

individual.
 The primary concern of guidance is the individual, in

his social setting.

 The attitude & personal perceptions of the individual

are the basis on which he acts. The individual

generally acts to enhance his perceived self.
 The individual has the innate ability to learn.

 The individual needs a continuous guidance process

from early childhood through adulthood.

 Each individual may need the information &

personalized assistance given by competent

professional personnel at some time.
TYPES/AREAS OF GUIDANCE SERVICES

 Educational
 Vocational
 Personal
 Social
 Avocational
 health moral
 Religion
 financial.
COUNSELLING
 Counselling is essentially a process in which the
counsellor assists the counselee to make
interpretations of facts relating to a choice,
plan or adjustment which he needs to make.

Glenn F. Smith
 Counselling is a series of direct contacts with

the individual which aims to offer him

assistance in changing his attitude &
behaviours.
Carl Rogers
NEEDS FOR COUNSELING

 To achieve positive mental health to the

students.
 To help in resolving their problems.
 To improve personal effectiveness.
 To maximize individual freedom to choose

and act within the conditions imposed by the

environment.
 To identify and render help to students who

are in need of special help.

 PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELLING
 Emphasizes thinking with the individual.
 Avoid dictatorial attitude.
 Maintains relationship of trust and confidence with the
client.
 Client’s need is to be put first
 The client’s family members and significant influencing
personnel must be included in counselling process.
 Skills of warmth, friendliness, openness and empathy are
the ingredients of successful counselling process.
 Counsellor has to listen attentively answer questions
objectively.
 Maintain dignity of individual as individual is primary
concern in counselling.
 Tailor made to the requirement of an individual’s problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELLING

 involves two individuals

 should be a relationship of mutual respect

between the two individuals

 is aimed at bringing about desired changes in

the individual for self-realisation & providing

assistance to solve problems through an
intimate personal relationship.
 counsellor discovers the problems of the

counselee & help him to set up realistic goals

 helps the counselee acquire independence &
develop a sense of responsibility.
 more than advice giving
 involves something more than offering an

assistance to find a solution to an immediate

problems.
 is democratic.
 concerns itself with attitudes as well as

actions
 is centered around the needs & aspirations of

students
 CLASSIFICATION

 Surface level counselling

 Counselling at next level
 Therapeutic counselling

OTHER TYPES
 Developmental counselling
 Preventive counselling
 Facilitative counselling
 Crisis counselling
PHASES OF COUNSELLING

i. Appointment and establishment relationship

ii. Assessment
iii. Diagnosis
iv. Setting goals
v. Interventions
vi. Termination and follow up
APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING

 Directive counselling
 Non-directive counselling
 Eclectic counselling
 Group counselling
TECHNIQUES FOR COUNSELLING
 Problem solving technique
 Discussion technique
 Role playing technique
 Lecturers
 Case conferences
 Operant conditioning
 Aversive conditioning.
 Reciprocal inhibition
 Basic counselling techniques are:-

 Make the setting comfortable, quiet and privacy are

essential.
 Be primarily a listener.
 Avoid judgmental reactions
 Help the student focus on real problems, one at a time
 Do not take notes unless it is to assure the students that

you intend to follow up on a specific request.

 Offer to see the student again; setting a more or less

definite time, if possible.

 Remember that the key to the entire relationship is your

ability to demonstrate warmth, concern and understanding.

 Always try to be aware of the feeling behind what the

student is saying.
 Provide many opportunities for positive recognition, rather

than just recognizing the negative.

TYPES OF COUNSELLING SERVICES

 ORIENTATION SERVICES
 APPRAISAL SERVICES
 INFORMATION SERVICES
 COUNSELLING SERVICES;There are four

different type of counselling:-

 Developmental counselling
 Preventive counselling
 Facilitative counselling
 Crisis counselling