WORK,

VALUES, and
ATTITUDES
 ROKEACH
IDENTIFIES
TWO TYPES OF
VALUES
 
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Instrumental and Terminal Values

 Instrumental  Terminal Values

Values alternative desired end-states or
behaviors or means by life goals
which we achieve
desired ends * are those things that
we can work toward
* consist, primarily, of or we think are most
personal characteristic important and that
and character traits we feel are most
desirable

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 The following two tables illustrate examples of instrumental and terminal
values.

Instrumental Values Terminal Values

Ambitious (Hard-working, aspiring) A world at Peace (free of war
and conflict)
Broadminded (Open-minded) Family Security (taking care of

loved ones)
Capable (Competent, effective)
Freedom (independence, free

Cheerful (Lighthearted, joyful) choice)

Equality (brotherhood, equal

Clean (Neat, tidy) opportunity for all)

Self-respect (self esteem)
Courageous (Standing up for your beliefs) Happiness (contentedness)

Wisdom (a mature
Forgiving (Willing to pardon others)
understanding of life
 Instrumental Values
Helpful (Working for the
welfare of others)
Honest (Sincere, truthful)
Imaginative (Daring, creative)
Independent (Self-reliant, self
sufficient)
Intellectual (Intelligent,
reflective)
Logical (Consistent, rational)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Terminal Values
National security (protection
from attack)
Salvation (saved, eternal life)
True friendship (close
companionship)
A sense of accomplishment (a
lasting contribution)
Inner Harmony (freedom
from inner conflict)
A comfortable life (a
prosperous life)
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Instrumental Values
 Loving (Affectionate, tender)
 Obedient (Dutiful, respectful)
 
 Polite (Courteous, well-
mannered)
 Responsible (Dependable,
reliable)
 Self - controlled (Restrained,
self discipline)
Terminal Values
 Mature love (sexual and spiritual
intimacy)
 A world of beauty (beauty of nature
and the arts)
 
 Pleasure (an enjoyable leisurely life)
 Social recognition (respect,
admiration)
 An exciting life (a stimulating active
life)
 Value Conflicts
 Intrapersonal Value Conflict

 Interpersonal Value Conflict

 Individual-Organizational
Value Conflict

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 A Values Model of Work/Family
Conflict
Family
Values

Value
Similarity
General Life Work/Family Value Job and Life
Values Conflict Attainment Satisfaction

Value Congruence

Work Values
6-8
Attitudes
 Attitude is defined as
“a learned
predisposition to
respond in a
consistently
favorable or
unfavorable manner
with respect to a
given object”
 
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 Attitudes
 Three components of an attitude
Affective: feelings or emotions
about an object
Behavioral: how one intends to act
toward someone or something
Cognitive: beliefs or ideas one has
about an object

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 Cognitive Dissonance
 Cognitive Dissonance

 Psychological discomfort experienced when

attitudes and behavior are inconsistent

6-11
Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior
Figure 6-2

Attitude
toward the
behavior

Subjective
norm Intention Behavior

Perceived
behavioral
control

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Timeline of Work Values and
Attitudes

6-13
 Work Attitudes
 Job Involvement
extent to which an
individual is
immersed in his or
her personal job

 Job Satisfaction is
an affective or
emotional response
toward various facets
of one’s job
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Causes of Job Satisfaction
 Need Fulfillment
 Discrepancies
 Value Attainment
 Equity
 Disposition/
Genetic
Components

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Correlates of Job Satisfaction

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 Work Attitudes
 Organizational Commitment
  - Identifying with a particular
organization and its goals, and wishing
to maintain membership in the
organization

-   Affective, normative, and continuance

commitment

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Model of Organizational
Commitment

6-18