The Scope & Uses of Air

Conditioning Systems
 Definition of Air Conditioning
To the average person, air conditioning simply means
“the cooling of air”.
 Air conditioning is the process of treating air in an
internal environment to establish and maintain
required standards of temperature, humidity,
cleanliness & motion.
 Control of Conditions
Temperature: Air temperature is controlled by heating
and cooling the air.
Humidity: Air humidity, the water vapor content of
the air, is controlled by the adding or removing the
water vapor from the air (Humidification &
Dehumidification).
Cleanliness: Air cleanliness, or air quality is controlled
by either filtration, the removal of undesirable
contaminants using filter or other devices.
Motion: Air motion means the air velocity & where the
air is distributed.
 Applications
Human Comfort
Textile
Printing
Photographic processing
Computer rooms
Medical facilities
 Components of Air Conditioning Systems
Heat always travels from warmer to cooler area.
In winter, there is continual heat loss from the
buildings, in order to maintain the temperature at
comfort level heat must be continually supplied in the
building, the equipment that furnishes the heat
required is called the “heating system”.
 Components of Air Conditioning Systems
In summer, Heat continually enters the buildings from
the outside.
In order to maintain the room temperature at the
comfort level heat must be removed from the room.
The equipment used to remove the air is called the
“cooling system”.
 Components of Air Conditioning Systems
Most cooling and heating systems have at a minimum
following number of basic components.
1. A heating source that adds heats to the fluid.
2. Cooling source that removes heat from the fluid.
3. A distribution system (a network of ducts or piping)
to carry the fluid to the rooms to be heated or cooled.
4. Equipments (Fans or pumps) for moving the air or
water.
5. Devices (e.g radiation) for transferring heat between
the fluid and the room.
All Water (Hydronic) Air Conditioning Systems
Air conditioning systems that use water as a heating
and cooling fluid are called the all water or hydronic
air conditioning systems.
All Water (Hydronic) Air Conditioning Systems
All Water (Hydronic) Air Conditioning Systems
All Water (Hydronic) Air Conditioning Systems
All-Air Air Conditioning System
All-Air Air Conditioning System
All-Air Air Conditioning System
Unitary & Central Air Conditioning System
Unitary or Package air conditioning system uses
equipment where all or most of the basic components
have been assembled in the factory (e.g room air
conditioner).
Central or Built-up air conditioning system uses
equipment centrally located in mechanical equipment
rooms. Each piece of equipment is installed separately
and connected on the job, rather than manufactured as a
package.
 Human Comfort
The purpose of the most air conditioning systems is to
provide a comfortable indoor environment, the system
designer and operator should understand the factors
that affect comfort.

 Body Heat Loss

 Indoor Air Quality
 Body Heat Loss
 The human body creates heat when it metabolizes
(Oxidizes) food.
 The heat is continually lost to its cooler surroundings.
 The factor that determines whether one feels hot or
cold is the rate of body heat loss.
 If the rate of heat loss is too great, cold is felt; if the
rate is too low, one feels hot.
 Heat Loss Mechanism
 The processes by which the body loses heat to the
surroundings are: Convection, Radiation &
Evaporation.
 In Convection, air immediately around the body
receives heat from the body.
 In Radiation, body heat is transmitted through space
directly to nearby objects (e.g walls) which are at a
lower temperature than the body.
 However, heating sources that are warmer than the
body can radiate heat toward the body, creating a
feeling of warmth even at low surrounding air
temperature.
 Heat Loss Mechanism
 The body is also cooled by Evaporation: water on the
skin (perspiration), which has absorbed heat from the
body, evaporates into the surrounding air, taking the
heat with it.
Body heat loss is affected by five conditions:
1. Air Temperature.
2. Air Humidity.
3. Air Motion.
4. Temperature of Surrounding Objects.
5. Clothing.
 Control of Comfort Condtions
 The indoor air temperature may be raised to decrease
body heat loss (winter) or lowered to increase body
heat loss (summer) by convection.
 Humidity may be raised to decrease body heat loss
(winter) and lowered to increase body heat loss
(summer) by evaporation.
 Air motion may be raised to increase body heat loss
(summer) and lowered to decrease body heat loss
(winter) by convection.
 Indoor Air Quality
 Air Quality refers to the degree of purity of the air.
 The level of air quality affects both comfort and
health.
 Air quality is affected by the presence of contaminants
such as tobacco smoke and dust particles, biological
microorganisms, and toxic gases.
 Cleaning devices such as filters may be used to remove
particles.
 Adsorbent chemicals may be used to remove
unwanted gases.
 Comfort Standard
 The conditions that affect human comfort have led to
the development of recommended indoor air
conditions for comfort, published in ASHRAE
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air
Conditioning Engineers) standard 55-1992, Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
 Comfort Standard
 The comfort zones apply only to sedentary or slightly
active persons.
 The comfort zones apply only to summer clothing of
light slacks and short sleeve shirt, and winter clothing
of heavy slacks, long sleeve shirt, and sweater or
jacket.
 The comfort zones apply to air motion in the occupied
zone not exceeding 30 feet per minute (FPM) in winter
and 50 FPM in summer.
 Comfort Standard

 HVAC & Construction Field
 Design
 Installation
 Operation & Regular maintenance
 Service
End of the Lecture