Energy Scenario Of

Zimbabwe

Prepared by :
Energy balance – Countr y
Analysis
 Outline
Ø Energy Consumption by Source.
Ø Energy consumption by Sector.
Ø Energy produced by Source.
Ø Detail on Renewable Resouces.
Ø Short desciption on GHG.
Ø Conclusion.
Ø
Ø
 Energy Flow Diagram

PRIMARY ENERGY COAL, Biomass, fuelwood

SECONDARY
SECONDARY ENERGY
ENERGY Hydropower, ELECTRICITY

TRANSMISSON & DISTN. SYSTEMS Mainly Road transport and Railways

FINAL ENERGY WHAT CONSUMED BY DILIVERED

ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITY DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,

COOKED FOOD, ETC.
Energy Consumption by Source is the total amount of
primary energy consumed from the usage of a specified fuel . Primary
energy includes losses from
transportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically,
consumption equals indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus
exports and international marine bunkers. The IEA calls this value Total
Primary Energy Supply (TPES).
Energy Consumption by Sector
Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of Zimbabwe

Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of India

Energy Production by Source of India

Energy Production by Source of Zimbabwe

Fossil Fuel Reserves , Production , and Trade 2005 of
India

Fossil Fuel Reserves , Production , and Trade 2005 of

Zimbabwe
ØFuel wood is the most important domestic fuel in the country.

ØIt is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating for over 80% of the
population mainly in the rural and peri-urban areas.
Ø
ØCoal is the most abundant source of primary energy found in Zimbabwe apart from fuel wood.
Ø
ØZimbabwe has 30 billion tonnes of probable bituminous coal reserves in 21 deposits of which
in situ reserves are estimated at between 10 and 20 billion.
Ø
ØProven reserves can last for 107 years and total reserves for over 200years at the present
 Energy demand by Sector Energy demand by Fuel
in India in India

ØIndia is the 5th largest contributor to the world

pollution.
Ø India accounts for 3.5% of greenhouse emission.
 Electricity generating Power Station

Power Stations Electricity genrating Power Station

Hwange Thermal Power Station 920MW

Kariba Hydro Electric Power 666MW

Station
Thermal Power Stations at 135MW
Harare
Bulawayo 120MW

Munyati 120MW
 Biomass Reserve for Zimbabwe

Classification Area Covered(million hectares)

Fuelwood 8.4
Timber 12.1
Non-Productive 14.2
Total 34.7

ØThe energy supply options for Zimbabwe have a mixture of

hydroelectricity coal and renewable.

ØAfter the development and refurbishment of some coal fired thermal power
plants in the past years the thrust is now on developing hydroelectric power
plants as well.
Ø
ØRural Zimbabwe as well as the low-income urban households are
highly dependent on fuelwood.

ØFuelwood is legally not a commercial fuel as the collection and sale of

fuelwood
 Major coalfields in Zimbabwe

Coalfield Reserves in million tonnes

Hwange 480
Dahlia 1400
Hankano 7850
Lubimbi 11800
Lusulu 3000
Kaonga and Sessami 1000

Mkushwe 4300
Sengwa 400
Total 30230
Technical potential for Renewable Energy ( MW ) in
Zimbabwe

Technology Installed Technical

Capacity(MW) Potential(MW)

Solar PV 0 .8 >300
Solar WH 10000 units 1 million

Mini Hydro 1 .7 20

Micro Hydro 1 15

Biogas 250 units 5000 units

Wind
Power generation 0 250
from sawmill
waste
 Solar PV
ØSolar Photovoltaic installed in the country is mainly in rural areas at service centers
like schools and hospitals as well individual homes.
ØIn rural areas PV is used for lighting, radio and television.
ØPV has a lot of potential given the country’s annual insolation of over 2000kWh/m2
and the fact that, of Zimbabwe’s over 2million households only 23% are electrified.
ØWith an estimated installed capacity of 800kWp the annual increase growth of this sector is
estimated at 3%.
ØThe recently ended GEF project facilitated large-scale importation and installation of a
lot of PV systems around the country. This created a good number of
companies who provided Solar PV services.

Solar Water Heaters

Ø
ØIt is estimated that over 10 000 solar water heating units are installed in the country.
ØInstalled units have capacities ranging from 50litres each to 1000 litres of water per unit.
ØThese units are mainly afforded by the middle to high-income groups in the country due to
high capital costs of over US$1000.
ØThe greatest market potential for these units however exists in low-income households who
however do not have the capital to acquire such units.
 Biogas
ØBiogas digesters dotted around the country have been installed by three organizations that are
the Department of Energy, Silveira House and Biomass Users Network (BUN).
ØTwo types of digesters are being promoted in the country namely the Chinese and the Carmetec
( Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology in Tanzania) but the former is the
most popular.
ØThe units are located at schools, rural homes and selected industries. All these small digesters
use livestock dung especially cow dung as the feed.

Briquetting and gasification

ØAlthough the country has a lot of sawmill dust from timber estates in the Eastern highlands
there are not known operational briquetting schemes.
ØTwo attempts have so far failed to take
off the ground.
ØIn 1992 a local NGO, BUN acquired a 26kW plant situated at Forestry
Commission (a parastatal).
ØThe concept of this project was to address the disposal problem of
the sawdust.
ØThe plant however did not address the problem as it could only briquette 2% of
the sawdust. The briquettes produced were solid cylindrical, which were not popular with the
locals.
Ø
 Micro and Minihydro
ØMicro and Minihydro potential exists in the country but mainly in the eastern part of
the country due to its terrain and rainfall patterns.
ØSeveral schemes, mostly private owned, are generating electricity mainly for private used with
only one scheme feeding into the national grid.
ØSchemes already in place include Claremont (250kW), Aberfoyle (25kW), Nyafaru
(30kW), Rusitu (700kW), Mutsikira (3kW), Svinurai (10kW), Sithole-Chikate (25kW) and
Kuenda (75kW).
ØStudies done by the then Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Development
identified six existing dams that could be developed to have microhydro schemes. These
are : Manyuchi(250kW), Mwenji (250kW), Ngezi Palawan (220kW), Ruti
(250) and Smallbridge (220kW). Other bigger schemes identifies are Mazvikadei (700kW),
Rusitu (4500kW), Lusitu (700kW), Sebakwe(310kW) and Siya (350kW).
 Wind Energy
ØZimbabwe as a landlocked country, does not have very large wind resources.
ØPreliminary data, which was collected by the Department of Meteorological Services,
indicates that the highest wind speeds at 10 meters above ground level are found near Harare,
Chivhu, Gweru, Bulawayo Airport and Chipinge in the Eastern Highlands. The average wind
speed of these areas is only3.8m/s.
ØGiven such low wind speeds, the only feasible application of wind energy is in water
Øpumping windmills.
ØIn the eastern part of the country there are projects currently going on which are looking at
using the energy produced by the windmills for battery charging.
ØAnother project is also looking at measuring wind speed at 20 meters above ground, which is
the useful height for electricity generation from wind.
 Methane production from sewage
plants using biodigesters in
Zimbabwe .

Cubic meters/day Sewage Biogas Methane Produced

Harare 300000 140000 70000

Mutare 30000 1107 554

Masvingo 16800 621 311

Bulawayo 35000 2951 1475

 Year Industrial
production growth
rate (%)

2002 -10
2003 -3.1
2004 -14.7
2005 -7.8
2006 3.6
2007 -1.8
2008 -5
2009 -14.7

Definition of Industrial production growth rate :  This entry

gives the annual percentage increase in industrial production
(includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).
 Year GDP - per capita
(PPP) (US$)

2000 2400
2001 2500
2002 2450
2003 2400
2004 1900
2005 1900
2006 2100
2007 2100
2008 200
2009 200

Definition of GDP - per capita ( PPP ):  This entry shows GDP on a

purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the
same year.
 Year Oil -
consumption
(bbl/day)

2003 23000
2004 23000
2005 23000
2006 22500
2007 22500
2008 16000

Definition of Oil - consumption :  This entry is the total oil consumed

in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil
produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to
the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating
factors.
 Year Electricity -
consumption
(billion kWh)

2000 8.403
2001 6.939
2002 10.475
2003 9.813
2004 9.813
2005 11.22
2006 11.22
2007 11
2008 11.59
2009 11.59
Definition of Electricity - consumption :  This entry consists of
total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports,
expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of
electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or
exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
 Year Electricity -
production
(billion kWh)

2000 6.97
2001 5.78
2002 6.425
2003 6.735
2004 6.735
2005 8.839
2006 8.877
2007 9.412
2008
Definition of Electricity - production: This entry is the 9.467generated
annual electricity
expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between2009the amount of electricity
9.467 generated
and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in
transmission and distribution.
 Year Electricity -
exports (million
kWh)

2000 0
2001 0
2002 0
2003 0
2004 0
2005 0
2006 0
2007 0
2008 34
2009 34

Definition of Electricity - exports :  This entry is the total

exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.
 Year Electricity -
imports
(million
kWh)

2000 1921
2001 1564
2002 4500
2003 3550
2004 3550
2005 3000
2006 3300
2007 2250
2008 2867
2009 is the2867
Definition of Electricity - imports :  This entry total
imported electricity in kilowatt-hours.
 Year Oil - imports
(bbl/day)

2006 23000

2007 23000

2008 13370

Definition of Oil - imports :  This entry is the total oil imported

in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.
A Greenhouse Gas is abbreviated GHG is a gas in an atmosphere
that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This
process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary
greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor ,  carbon
dioxide ,  methane ,  nitrous oxide , and ozone. In the Solar System, the
atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan  also contain gases that cause
greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the
Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C (59 °F)
colder than at present.
Greenhouse gases are harmful gases that cause global
warming, this is what most people know of greenhouse gases.
Indeed their role in global warming phenomenon is their
most important role, and unfortunately the biggest
ecological problem we are facing today. Greenhouse gases are
causing so called " greenhouse effect ". Our planet gets
plenty of radiation from the Sun that passes through the
atmosphere to the Earth's surface where it gets released
back into the atmosphere as Infrared radiation, of which
some is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases
then return this energy in form of heat back towards the
Earth . The higher the level of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere the more radiation is absorbed causing in the
end higher temperature. Greenhouse gases are very
important and play crucial role in maintaining the
temperature of the Earth, without them life on Earth
wouldn't be possible because planet would be too cold .
Rank Rank Rank Country Year 2000 Year 2000 Year 2005
in 2000 with in 2000 in 2005 Tonnes ofCO2 Tonnes ofCO2 Tonnes ofCO2
land-use without without e e e
change land-use land-use with land-use without land- without land-
change change change use use
change change

90 116 146 Zimbabwe 6.5 2.7 0.8

162 146 120 India 1.8 1.9 1.7

6.8 5.6
World
Asia 4.5 3.4
 Projected World Peak
Production of Petroleum

41
World Total Primary Energy Supply in 1998
(9491 Mtoe)

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.

42
 Why the growing Interest in
Biomass Energy?
§ The link between biomass energy and
poverty is strong
§ Biomass delivers energy in all forms –
solid, liquid and gas
§ Meets energy needs without expensive
technologies
§ The linkage with ghg emission mitigation
is strong
§ By being locally-driven, it enhances energy
security

43
 Why the growing Interest in
Biomass Energy? Cont...
§ ½ Million die annually in SSA as
result of traditional fuelwood use
(against 750,000 for malaria)
§ One billion in SSA will in 2030 be
dependent on traditional woodfuel
for energy
§ Access to modern energy is in
decline in most of SSA countries

44
 Decline in electricity use
(kwh/capita) 1990 - 2004
COUNTRY RATE OF DECLINE

Ghana -22%
Chad -31.3%
Cameroon -8.9%
S. Leone -54.7%
DRC -42.1%
Zimbabwe -10%
Source: UNDP HDR, 2007/8
45
 Energy Resource
REGION
Distribution
RESOURCES

West Oil, Gas & Hydro

East Hydro & Geothermal

South Coal & Hydro

Central Hydro & Biomass

46
 Zimbabwe Windpower - Powervision Project
Proposal
Form
The project aims to install 10 owner-operated income generating wind-charging systems
around Zimbabwe

Brief Outline

Suitable sites will be surveyed and if suitable a wind charger system will be installed. These
will comprise:-
i) A tower
ii) A Wind generator
iii) A controller
iv) A battery bank
v) A DC-AC Inverter
vi) An automatic battery charging system
vii) Limited 220volt AC distributor

Operation

The owners will use the systems to: -

a) provide power for lights and entertainment for owner's use
b) Operate a commercial battery charging system
c) Sell limited Ac power to small business tenants
 Barriers to be addressed by the project
1. Inadequate technology
2. Inappropriate technology
3. Unavailable funding
4. Private sector led development
5. High investment costs
6. Dissemination of information

Potential Owners
a) Mr Elias Mabvuramiti- Chimanimani
b) Mr. S. Ngwenya- Bulawayo Area
c) Mr Moses Ruwana- Mt Darwin
d) Mr Moyo- Nyanga

Project cost and financial Estimates

Project Costing US$ 5100
Monthly Income and Expenditure
Loan Repayment at 60% interest rate ZW$ 1520
Monthly Income from battery charging ZW$ 1680
Other business income ZW$ 500
Total Income ZW$US$
660
Add Value of home power use ZW$1800
300
Total equivalent income ZW$1000
960 = UD$ 17
System Costing 800
Turbine and controls 750
Tower 750
Batteries 5100
Inverter
Transport and Installation
Total
 Useful Websites

Øwww.earthtrends.wri.org

Øwww.iceednigeria.org

Øwww.eia.doe.gov

Øwww.greenbusinesscentre.com