CONCEPTUAL / THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK
 WHAT IS FRAMEWORK?

- It is similar to a skeleton
- It is a basic structure or frame of reference which
is designed to support or enclose something
THEORY
- A conceptual idea that is used to describe,
explain, predict, or understand a certain
phenomenon
- Describes relationship/s among variables for
purposes of explaining a current state or
predicting future events
- Primarily concerned with determining cause-
effect relationships
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

- Largely based on theories or parts of theory

combined with other parts of another theory, or
on the intellectual synthesis of the various
readings of the researcher
- Guides the researcher by giving clear directions
to the research.
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
- Diagrammatic presentation of the study
- Result of a clear understanding of the conceptual or
theoretical framework

Common Paradigms:
1. IPO model
2. IV-DV model
3. PC model
4. -P model
5. POM Model
 IPO MODEL (INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT)
• Largely used when the research attempts to isolate
the factor or major variables that causes the
problem, subject, or phenomenon under
investigation
 EXAMPLE
• Profile of entrepreneurs
A. age
B. sex
C. Seminars attended Analysis of data Profile and roles of
through the entrepreneurs are
• Roles of entrepreneurs
questionnaire, determined
A. Assessment informal interviews,
B. Planning and statistical
C. Implementation treatment
D. Evaluation

Sample IPO Model for Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward Improved Work Performance
IV – DV MODEL (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE –
DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODEL)

• Used in experiment-based studies

• Questions raised are higher order and classified as
situation-relating
EXAMPLE
Teaching Methodology Level of performance
used by Instructors of Grade 12 students
• Computer-assisted • Academic grades
instruction • Practicum grades
• Demonstration method • Parents’ satistaction

Sample IV-DV Model for the Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction and Demonstration
Method on the Level of Performance of Grade 12 Students
PC MODEL (PREDICTOR-CRITERION MODEL)

• Used when relating and assessing the influence

between two or more variables
• Studies that focus on relationships, associations,
differences, and impacts will benefit from this model
EXAMPLE
Teaching Competence of Level of performance
senior high school of ABM students
teachers • Academic grades
• Knowledge level • Behavioral attributes
• Pedagogical skills • Peer evaluation
• Classroom result
management

Sample PC Model for the Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Senior High
School Teachers to the Level of Performance of ABM Students
-P MODEL

• Used in research studies that propose a program or

any intervention measure
• Fits the situation producing level of questioning
EXAMPLE
• Profile of entrepreneurs
A. age Analysis of data Profile and roles of
B. sex through the entrepreneurs,
C. Seminars attended questionnaire, specimen
• Roles of entrepreneurs informal interviews, collection and
A. Assessment and statistical performance are
B. Planning treatment assessed
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation
• Specimen Collection
• Performance Proposed Intervention Program

Sample –P Model of the Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of

POM (PROPOSED ORIGINAL MODEL)

• Used when the researcher presents an original

paradigm.
• The requirement to be met is that it must be
scientific.
 EXAMPLE
Student respondent’s Infection control Extent of
profile practices participation in the
• Age Preparation of IV infection control
fluids program
• Gender Preparation of IV
CI’s assessment of
• Civil Status medication
the students’
• Hospital Assistance in the
administration of IV extent of
assignment participation in
medications
Skin care infection control
Umbilical cord care practices
Eye care

Enhanced Related Learning Experience Supervisory Program

Sample POM for the Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in Infection Control Practices: Basis for
Enhanced RLE Supervisory Program
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
REASONS FOR DEFINING THE VARIABLES

• To guide and direct the researcher in quantifying

and qualifying the variables.
• To ensure clarity of the meaning of the variables and
minimize the readers’ misconceptions.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• This section facilitates understanding of the study by

defining terms or variables according to their
contextual use.
EXAMPLES:
VARIABLE CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION DEFINITION
Motivation Something that causes a The ability of the nurse on
person to act (Webster, 2004) duty to accomplish her tasks
on time.
Professional An individual who practices a Any individual with four
particular profession years of college education
Courtesy Civility; politeness The use of polite words and
expressions when greeting
elders and authorities
TYPES OF DEFINITIONS:

1. Conceptual Definition – a universal definition of a term

understood by people, a general statement of
properties or qualities common to a number of
examples. This type of definition also refers to the
subjective or theoretical / textual meaning of the word.
Sources: Dictionary, Related Literature, Authoritative
Sources
TYPES OF DEFINITIONS:

2. Operational Definition – The researcher’s own definition

of terms as used in the study. It is concrete and
measurable, based on observable characteristics of what
is being defined within the context of the phenomenon
being investigated. It also refers as the objective or
practical / functional meaning of the word.
Sources: Empirical data, research studies established
theories
EXAMPLES:
VARIABLE CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION DEFINITION
Motivation Something that causes a The ability of the nurse on
person to act (Webster, 2004) duty to accomplish her tasks
on time.
Professional An individual who practices a Any individual with four
particular profession years of college education
Courtesy Civility; politeness The use of polite words and
expressions when greeting
elders and authorities
TYPES OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

1. Denotative Definition. Variables are defined in

terms of what the concept is or what it represents.
Example: Father – a male parent
Nurse – one who cares for people, sick or well
TYPES OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

2. Connotative Definition. Variables are defined

according to implications or associations one might
make with the variable.
Example: Father- strong, provider, head of the family,
disciplinarian
Nurse – warm, gentle mannered, health provider
TYPES OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

3. Lexical Definitions – definitions taken from

authorities on the subjects or terms being defined.
Example:
According to Keith (2015), is a state of well- being that
elevates the spirit, generates self-confidence and
arouses pride in being part of group endeavor
NOTE: When using these types of definitions,
conceptual are being stated first followed by the
operational, although, preference is for the latter.
INTRODUCTORY PHRASE

For the purpose of clarity and better undestanding

of the study, the following terms are defined:
ACTIVITY: DYAD

Instruction:
Given the following research titles:
1. Effect of Online Gaming to the Academic Performance of Senior High School
Students of Marcelo H. Del Pilar National High School
2. Proposed Module in Physics for STEM Students of Marcelo H. Del Pilar National
High School
Choose one (1) from the two titles and prepare the following
a. Statement of the Problem
b. Conceptual Paradigm
c. Definition of Terms