The Periodic Table &

its trends
Why is the Periodic Table
important?
• The periodic table is
the most useful tool
to a chemist.
• You get to use it on
every test.
• It organizes lots of
information about all
the known elements.
Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
• …was a mess!!!
• No organization of
elements.
• Imagine going to a
grocery store with no
organization!!
• Difficult to find
information.
• Chemistry didn’t make
sense.
 Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the
Table
• HOW HIS
WORKED…
• Put elements in
rows by increasing
atomic weight.
• Put elements in
columns by the way
they reacted.
 Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the
Table
SOME
PROBLEMS…
• He left blank
spaces for what he
said were
undiscovered
elements. (Turned
out he was right!)
• He broke the
pattern of
increasing atomic
weight to keep
Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the
Table
Squares in the Periodic Table
• The periodic table displays the symbols
and names of the elements, along with
information about the structure of their
atoms.
The Current Periodic Table

• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.

• Now the elements are put in rows by
increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!
• The horizontal rows are called periods
and are labeled from 1 to 7.
• The vertical columns are called groups
are labeled from 1 to 18.
 Groups…Here’s Where the
Periodic Table Gets Useful!!
• Elements in the Why??
same group • They have the
have similar same number of
chemical and valence electrons.
physical • They will form the
properties!! same kinds of ions.
• (Mendeleev did
that on
purpose.)
 Families on the Periodic Table
• Columns are also grouped
into families.
• Families may be one
column, or several
columns put together.
• Families have names
rather than numbers. (Just
like your family has a
common last name.)
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen belongs to a
family of its own.
• Hydrogen is a
diatomic, reactive gas.
• Hydrogen was
involved in the
explosion of the
Hindenberg.
• Hydrogen is promising
as an alternative fuel
source for automobiles
 Alkali Metals
• 1st column on the periodic
table (Group 1) not
including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
 Alkaline Earth Metals
• Second column on the
periodic table. (Group
2)
• Reactive metals that
are always combined
with nonmetals in
nature.
• Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca
Transition Metals
• Elements in
groups 3-12
• Less reactive
harder metals
• Includes metals
used in jewelry
and construction.
• Metals used “as
metal.”
 Boron Family

• Elements in group
13
• Aluminum metal
was once rare
and expensive,
not a “disposable
metal.”
Carbon Family
• Elements in group
14
• Contains elements
important to life
and computers.
• Carbon is the basis
for an entire
branch of
chemistry.
• Silicon and
Germanium are
important
Nitrogen Family
• Elements in group
15
• Nitrogen makes up
over ¾ of the
atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and
phosphorus are
both important in
living things.
• Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not
available to living
things.
 Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in group
16
• Oxygen is
necessary for
respiration.
• Many things that
stink, contain
sulfur (rotten eggs,
garlic, skunks,etc.)
 Halogens
• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
• Used as disinfectants and
to strengthen teeth.
The Noble Gases
 The Noble Gases
• Elements in group
18
• VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
• Used in lighted
“neon” signs
• Have a full valence
shell.
 Periodicity of the Elements

8
Ever wonder why the periodic
table is named the "periodic"
table?
If we don't consider the
transition metals, the
chemical behavior of the
elements is in a cycle of 8.
What exactly does that
mean??
There is even more patterns
built into the periodic table,
 Periodicity of the Elements
Size

8 8
Increase
s

Size
Increas
e
 We summarize the periodic trend of atomic size
by drawing a diagonal arrow.
smalles
t atoms

largest The diag. arrow means the size

atoms increases going down any column, and
going from right to left in any row.
 Periodic Trend of the Ionization Energy
Ions????
Positive and negative ions form
when electrons are transferred
between atoms.
 Again….Ions

•Some compounds are composed of particles

called ions.
–An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a
positive or negative charge.
–A cation is an ion with a positive charge.
–An anion is an ion with a negative charge.
 Trends in Ionization Energy
• Trends in Ionization Energy
– What are the trends among the elements for
first ionization energy, ionic size, and
electronegativity?
• The energy required to remove an electron from an
atom is called ionization energy.
– The energy required to remove the first electron from an
atom is called the first ionization energy.
– The energy required to remove an electron from an ion
with a 1+ charge is called the second ionization energy.
 Trends in Ionization Energy
– Group and Periodic Trends in Ionization
Energy
• First ionization energy tends to decrease from
top to bottom within a group and increase from
left to right across a period.
Trends in Ionization Energy
 Trends in Ionic Size

• Trends in Ionic Size

• During reactions between metals and
nonmetals, metal atoms tend to lose
electrons, and nonmetal atoms tend to gain
electrons. The transfer has a predictable
effect on the size of the ions that form.
• Cations are always smaller than the atoms
from which they form. Anions are always
larger than the atoms from which they form.
 Trends in Ionic Size
• Relative Sizes of Some Atoms and
Ions
 Trends in Ionic Size
• Trends in Ionic Size
aer c ni yll ar eneg ezi S
 Trends in Electro-negativity

• Trends in Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom
of an element to attract electrons when the
atom is in a compound.
– In general, electronegativity values decrease
from top to bottom within a group. For
representative elements, the values tend to
increase from left to right across a period.
Trends in Electro-negativity
 Trend in Electron Affinity

Electron
Affinity:
The energy
release when
an electron is
added to an
atom. Most
favorable
toward NE
corner of PT
since these
 Summary of Trend
1. Electron Configuration 3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of P
4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of P

2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW

corner of PT
 Summary of Trend

Periodic Table:
Table Map of the Building
block of matter
Family:
Family Elements in the same column
have similar chemical property because
of similar valence electrons
Period: Elements in the same row have
valence electrons in the same shell.