CATEGORICAL

PROPOSITIONS
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

 The categorical proposition is a proposition that

asserts or denies that all or some of the members of a
category are included in another.
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
There are four possible forms or types of categorical
propositions:
A – proposition : All S are P.
I – proposition : Some S are P.
E – proposition : No S are P.
O – proposition : Some S are not P.
All categorical propositions have subjects, S, and predicate, P.
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
Examples: Determine the form of the following
categorical propositions.
1. Not all roses are red. O- proposition
Not all has the same meaning as some. The subject of
the proposition is roses and the predicate is red. We can
rewrite the proposition as “Some roses are red”. Since it
follows the form “Some S are P”, therefore it is in the
form of O-proposition.
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
Examples: Determine the form of the following
categorical propositions.
2. No patriotic is a traitor. E – proposition
The subject is patriotic and the predicate is a traitor.
Since it follows the form, “No S are P” therefore it is in
the form of E – proposition.
CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISM
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

 Categorical Syllogism is formed when two or more

categorical propositions are combined.

 It is a logical argument that applies deductive reasoning.

 It has two parts: Premises and conclusion

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
 A standard form categorical syllogism has two parts:
premises (major and minor premises) and the conclusion.
 It also contains three terms: major term, minor term,
middle term. Major and minor terms are found in the
major and minor premises, respectively. The middle terms
found on both premises.
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
Major premise: All P are M.
Minor premise: Some M are S.
Conclusion: Therefore, some S are P.

Middle term can be found on both major and minor

premise, so the middle term is M. Major term is P and the
minor term is S.
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
Example:
All Filipinos are human. - Major premise
Some humans are Asians. - Minor premise
Therefore, some Asians are Filipinos.- Conclusion
Major term is Filipinos
Minor term is Asians
Middle term is humans
 VALIDITY OF
CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
 A categorical syllogism is valid if and only if the
conjunction of two premises implies the conclusion. The
conclusion must be true assuming the premises are all true.

 The truth table and the Euler diagram may be used to

establish the validity of an argument.
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
 Example: Harry Potter realizes that all avada kedavra are
expelliarmus and some stupefy are avada kedavra. Is it true
that some stupefy are expelliarmus.
Categorical Syllogism:
All avada kedavra (A) are expelliarmus (E).
Some stupefy (S)are avada kedavra (A).
Therefore, some stupefy (S)are expelliarmus (E).
VALIDITY OF
CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS E
All A are E.
Some S are A.
E
Therefore, some S are E.
A

Establishing the validity of the

x
argument using the Euler S
diagram.
VALIDITY OF   A categorical syllogism is valid if and only if the
CATEGORICAL conjunction of two premises implies the conclusion.

SYLLOGISMS
 All A are E.
Some S are A. T T T T T T T T
Therefore, some S are E. T T F T T T T T

T F T F T F F T
Each categorical propositions are T F F F T F T T
conditional propositions, hence we can
say that: F T T T F F T T

F T F T F F T T

F F T T F F F T

F F F T F F T T
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
 In the previous example, the implication of the conjunction
of the two premises and the conclusion is a Tautology,
therefore the argument “Harry Potter realizes that all avada
kedavra are expelliarmus and some stupefy are avada
kedavra. Some stupefy are expelliarmus.” is valid.
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
Example: Determine the validity of the following
categorical syllogisms.

a. All birds have wings.

Mulawins have wings.
Therefore, Mulawins are birds.
VALIDITY OF
CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS W
All B have W.
M
M have W.
Therefore, M are B. E
M
x
Establishing the validity of the B M
argument using the Euler
diagram.
VALIDITY OF   A categorical syllogism is valid if and only if the
CATEGORICAL conjunction of two premises implies the conclusion.

SYLLOGISMS
 All B have W.
M have W. T T T T T T T T

Therefore, M are B. T T F F T F T T

T F T T F F T T
Each categorical propositions are T F F F T F T T
conditional propositions, hence we can
F T T T T T F F
say that:
F T F T T T T T

F F T T F F F T

F F F T T T T T
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISMS
 In the previous example, the implication of the conjunction of the
two premises and the conclusion is NOT a Tautology, therefore the
argument:
All birds have wings.
Mulawins have wings.
Therefore, Mulawins are birds.
Is NOT VALID.