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PHENOMENOLOGY

EXISTENTIALISM
GREEK ORIGINS
“Phainomenon”
Appearance = that which
appears
Phainomenon + logia= study
of that which appears
different from “Being” &
“being” ontology by some of
the Greek philosophers. E.g.
Parminedes
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“know thyself”
- By Socrates who saw
man as a problem in
himself and as a subject
and object of true
knowledge and enquiry.
- Plato’s existence and
essence, world of ideas
and forms
19 -20 Century
th th

PHENOMENOLOGY
 Edmund Husserl
Considered as the main
proponent of
phenomenology in which it
fully flourished
-the science of the essence of consciousness

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 Before Husserl
-Hindu and Buddhist philosophers- states of consciousness achieved thru
varieties of meditation
-Descartes, Hume, and Kant- characterized states of perception, thought,
and imagination.
-Brentano classified varieties of mental phenomena (defined by the
directedness of consciousness)
-William James appraised kinds of mental activity in the stream of
consciousness (including their embodiment and their dependence on
habit).
-Analytic philosophers of mind have addressed issues of
consciousness and intentionality

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Types of
phenomenology
1. Transcendental constitutive
2. Naturalistic constitutive 
3. Existential phenomenology
4. Generative historicist 

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Types of
phenomenology
5. Genetic phenomenology
6. Hermeneutical phenomenology
7. Realistic phenomenology

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 Proponents of Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl, Martin Different conceptions of
Heidegger, Jean Paul phenomenology,
Sartre, and Merleau- different methods, and
Ponty different results.
Shows the sense of
diversity in the field of
phenomenology..

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19 -20 Century
th th

EXISTENTIALISM
 Chief Exponents
⬗ 1. Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
⬗ 2. Friedrich William Nietzsche (1844-1900)
⬗ 3. Karl Theodor Jaspers (1883-1969)
⬗ 4. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
⬗ 5. Gabriel Honore Marcel (1889-1973)
⬗ 6. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (1905 – 1980)

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 Other Philosophers
⬗ 1. Ecclesiastes 5:15, 16
⬗ 2. St. Augustine
⬗ 3. Blaise Pascal
⬗ 4. Wilhelm Dilthey
⬗ 5. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
⬗ 6. Paul Tillich
⬗ 7. Karl Barth
⬗ 8. Franz Kafka
⬗ 9. Albert Camus

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 Soren Kierkegaard- father of Existentialism

⬗ ‘what it means to exist’

⬗ He wanted to carve out for himself a real
existence. He wanted to become a
unique individual different from others
and exist as ‘the individual’ or ‘that
individual’.

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 Thorpe, R., & Holt, R. (2008). The
PHENOMENOLOGICAL SAGE dictionary of qualitative
management research (Vols. 1-0).

EXISTENTIALISM London, : SAGE Publications Ltd doi:

10.4135/9780857020109
- Franz Bentrano

Existential phenomenology describes
subjective human experience as it
reflects people's values, purposes,
ideals, intentions, emotions, and
relationships. It concerns itself with the
experiences and actions of the
individual, rather than conformity or
behaviour.
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 “
emphasis on the importance of
individuals and their freedom
to participate in their own
creation.  It emphasizes our
creative processes far more
than our adherence to laws,
be they human, natural, or
divine.”

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INTENTIONALITY
“Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the
Scholastics of the Middle Ages called the intentional (or
mental) inexistence of an object, and what we might call,
though not wholly unambiguously, reference to a
content, direction toward an object (which is not to be
understood here as meaning a thing), or immanent
objectivity. Every mental phenomenon includes something
as object within itself...” (Brentano PES, 68)
Retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentan
o/#intentionality
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INTENTIONALITY
it is that aspect of mental states or events that consists in their
being of or about things, as pertains to the questions, “What are
you thinking of?” and “What are you thinking about?”
Intentionality is the aboutness or directedness or reference of mind
(or states of mind) to things, objects, states of affairs, events.

Retrieved from:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-intentionality/#InteInte
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Situational analysis
How hard is hard?
Today is a good day?
His blood is bright crimson.
Her dress looks so
colorful.
Generation X vs Y vs Z vs Alpha

Asian is the new “Cool”

Introvert and the Social Media
culture

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 THANK YOU!
See you on the next Module MODULE 2
Features of Phenomenology

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