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 are those types of substances which are used to
reduce the frictional forces between two surfaces in contact
with each other. They may also have the function of dissolving
or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat.
It doesn·t allow the direct contact between two rubbing
surfaces because it reduces the coefficient of friction between
two surfaces.

The process of decreasing the frictional forces between the

surfaces is called



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Veep moving parts apart

Reduce friction

Transfer heat

Protect against wear

Prevent corrosion

Seal for gases

Reduces loss of heat(act as a coolant)

Reduces cost of maintenance

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 SOLID
LUBRICANTS

SEMI-SOLID
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LUBRICANTS

LIQUID
LUBRICANTS

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Liquid lubricants exist in liquid form and reduce friction
or wear between two moving metallic surfaces by
providing a continuous film between them

These are very important and are widely used in several

machines because they act as:-
^ Sealing agent
^ Corrosion preventer
^ Cooling medium

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LOW FREEZING POINT

SUFFICIENT VISCOSITY

SAFE STORAGE AND

HANDLING

LOW PRESSURE

HIGH OXIDATION RESISTANCE

HIGH BOILING POINT

THERMAL STABILITY
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^Where solid or semi-

semi-solid lubricants are not suitable

^In light machines like watches, clocks, sewing machines, etc.

^Where machines are operated at low speed under ordinary load

^In such type of machine where less amount of heat is produced

during motion so that the produced heat is insufficient to ignite
or burn the lubricant

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ANIMAL OIL
AND VEGATABLE
MINERAL
OILS
OILS

BLENDED
OILS

EMULSIONS

WATER

LANOLIN

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These are obtained from animal and vegetable kindom and contains
glycerides of higher fatty acids. They have good oiliness property.

ANIMAL OILS- lard oil, Whale oil, Seal oil, etc

VEGATABE OILS- Palm oil, Mustard oil, olive oil, cotton-seed oil, etc

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(a) They are costly and undergo oxidation easily.

(b) They have hydrolyze in aqueous medium or moist air

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These are obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum. Although

they have poor oiliness, they are widely used as lubricants because
they are cheap, stable and available in abundance.

The length of hydrocarbon chain varies from 12 to 50 carbon atoms.

The oil containing higher carbon is more viscous than the oi
containing lower carbon.

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Since a number of oils have poor oiliness and viscosity, no single oil is used as
lubricants for many of the modern machines. Thus, specific additives are
incorporated into the oils to improve their typical properties. The resultant oil
is called blended oil.

SOME ADDITIVES ARE:-

(a)Oiliness carrier- coconut oil, caster oil and fatty acids

(b)Antioxidants (inhibitors)- Aromatic, phenolic or amino
compounds.
(c) Antifoaming agent- Glycol and glycerol
(d) Emulsifiers- sodium salts of sulphuric acid
(e) Thickeners- polystyrene, polyesters, etc.
(f) Corrosion preventers- Organic compound of phosphorus or
antimony.
(g)Viscosity index improves- Hexanol and other high molecular
weight compounds
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OIL IN WATER TYPE
(CUTTING EMULSION/CUTTING OILS)

WATER IN OIL TYPE

(COOLING LIQUIDS)

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Lanolin is one of the few liquid lubricants manufactured from
animal matter. Lanolin is derived from wool grease, a naturally
water repellant substance present on sheep's wool.

Lanolin is a naturally occurring, renewable resource that can be

harvested every time a sheep is sheared. Consequently, it is
non-toxic, making it an ecologically friendly alternative to
mineral and synthetic oils. As well as reducing friction and
wear, lanolin liquid lubricants have anticorrosive properties.

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Water can be used on its own, or as a major
component in combination with one of the other base
oils. Commonly used in engineering processes, such as
milling and lathe turning.

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Liquid lubricants must be disposed of safely and correctly. Mineral
and synthetic oils can contaminate water supplies, resulting in
environmental damage and potential health problems. Only a small
amount of liquid lubricant is necessary to contaminate a large supply
of water.

Used liquid lubricants can be recycled or burned as a fuel source.

Burning liquid lubricants is heavily regulated and requires specially
built facilities to prevent air pollution. Burning liquid lubricants at
home is never recommended: Not only is it illegal in most areas, the
resulting smoke is often toxic and can cause serious medical
emergencies.

Recycling liquid lubricants has become increasingly popular, although

not every locale has the recycling technology necessary for this
option. When available, however, recycling is one of the most
effective ways of preventing liquid lubricants from entering the
environment.
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