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What is a capacitor ?
a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an
electric field
A l m e ta l li z a tio n
M e ta l te r m in a tio n (a )
Epoxy
C e ra m ic
P o ly m e r film
L eads
(b )
M e ta l e le c tro d e
Dielectric
+Qo Co C Q
Qo +Q
i (t)
E E
V V V
The relative permittivity (or the dielectric constant) is defined to reflect this
increase in the capacitance or the charge storage ability by virtue of having a
dielectric medium. If C is the capacitance with the dielectric medium as in,
then by definition
Polarization
Polarization is a phenomenon where two different poles (positive and
negative) within the atoms or molecule or unit cell, created either
induced by an external electric field or without the help of external
applied field. Polarization results from the separation of the by centers
of positive and negative charges.
A to m ic
n u c le u s
Electric Dipole Moment,
C e n te r o f n e g a tiv e p Qâ
ch arg e
p in d u c e d
(a ) A n e u tra l a to m in E = 0 . (b ) In d u c e d d ip o le m o m e n t in a fie ld
(c)
P
QP +QP
Dielectric V
+Qo Co C Q
Qo +Q
i (t) Polarization,
E E
QP
P
A
V V V
Polarization
QP
P P χeεo E χe 1 εr
A
p induced αE
where is a coefficient called the polarizability of the atom. It
depends on the polarization mechanism.
Polarization Mechanism
a. Electronic
b. Ionic
c. Interfacial
d. Orientational
1. Electronic polarization.
2. Ionic polarization.
3. Permanent dipole polarization.
4. Space-charge polarization.
Schematic representation of different
mechanism of polarization
POLARIZATION MECHANISMS
Ionic:
polarization caused by relative displacements between positive and
negative ions in ionic crystals
p+ p-
(a ) x
C lÐ N a+
p '+ p '-
(b )
(a) A NaCl chain in the NaCl crystal without an applied field. Average or net dipole moment per ion
is zero. (b) In the presence of an applied field the ions become slightly displaced which leads to a
net average dipole moment per ion.
POLARIZATION MECHANISMS
Electronic:
the stretching of atoms/electronic clouds under an applied E-field (in
covalent solids)
(a) Valence electrons in covalent bonds in the absence of an applied field. (b) When
an electric field is applied to a covalent solid, the valence electrons in the covalent
bonds are shifted very easily with respect to the positive ionic cores. The whole solid
becomes polarized due to the collective shift in the negative charge distribution of
the valence electrons.
POLARIZATION MECHANISMS
Interfacial:
charge accumulation at defective interfaces (2 material or 2 regions of same
material) leads to the formation of a net polarization vector
E le c tro d e E le c tr o d e
D ie le c tr ic
E E
F ix e d c h a rg e A c c u m u la te d c h a rg e G ra in b o u n d a ry o r in te rfa c e
M o b ile c h a rg e
(a ) (b ) (c )
(a) A crystal with equal number of mobile positive ions and fixed negative
ions. In the basence of a field there is no net separation between all the
positive charges and all the negative charges. (b) In the presence of an
applied field the mobile positive ions migrate towards the negative
electrode and accumulate there. There is now an overall separation
between the negative charges and positive charges in the dielectric. The
dielectric therefore exhibits interfacial polarization. (c) Grain boundaries
and interfaces between different materials frequently give rise to interfacial
polarization.
POLARIZATION MECHANISMS
Orientational (Dipolar):
in “rigid polarized molecule” materials, an applied field aligns the
permanent dipoles to yield a net polarization vector
+Q
t
po = aQ q F =QE
Cl H+ E
F
po
Q
(a)
(c)
pav = 0 pav ¹ 0 E
(b) (d)
POLARIZATION MECHANISMS
DIELECTRIC LOSS
The dielectric constant is frequency dependent … why ?
If the applied field is changing so fast that the molecules cannot respond to it
at all … then the polarization is … zero!
εr εr' jεr''
Dielectric loss is the electrical energy lost as heat in the
polarization process in the presence of an applied AC field. The
energy is absorbed from the ac voltage and converted to heat during
the polarization of the molecules.
P = P o s in ( t - ) p
d(0 )E o
p Ð d(0 )E
E = E o s in t d(0 )E
r' E o
r (0 ) E
t
0
The dc field is suddenly changed from Eo to E at time t = 0. The
induced dipole moment p has to decrease from d(0)Eo to a final value
of d(0)E. The decrease is achieved by random collisions of molecules
in the gas.
r ''
1
0 .0 1 / 0 .1 / 1/ 10/ 100/
v = V o s in t
(a ) (b ) εr εr' jεr''
The imaginary part represents dielectric “losses” due to “slow” polarization.
DIELECTRIC LOSS
ε r ε 'r jε 'r'
ε o (ε 'r jε 'r' )A jω Aε o ε 'r ωAε o ε 'r'
Y jω C jω
d d d
P = P o sin (t -) C o n d u c ta n c e = G p = 1 /R p
C ε 'r'
loss tangent ... tanδ '
εr
v = V o s in t v = V os in t
2
Dielectric Loss V 1 V2
Wvol 2 ωε o ε "r ωE 2 ε o ε 'r tanδ
per unit volume, R P dA d
DIELECTRIC LOSS
1. For the dielectric material as in the figure, calculate the loss tangent
at 10 MHz frequency.
If the parallel plate capacitor is formed with the material, where the
separation is 1mm, plate area is 1mm2 and 1V is applied across…
2. Calculate the value of resistance and capacitance.
3. Calculate the power loss per unit volume.
ε 'r'
1. loss tangent tanδ ' =0.5 ε
εr
d Aε o ε 'r
2. R P CP
ωAε o ε 'r' d
2 ε’ r
=1.8x106 ohm =1.7x10-14 F 1
ε ”r
V2
3. Wvol 2 ωε o ε "r ωE 2 ε o ε 'r tanδ MHz
d 0 10 f
=556 Wcm -3
Matter Polarization & Permittivity
Electric Dipole Moment, p Qaˆ
Q C
εr
Q0 C0
pinduced αE E
Spring action
C x O
E le c tro n c lo u d
A to m ic Fr β x Fe Ze E
n u c le u s
C e n te r o f n e g a tiv e
ch arg e Induced Electric Dipole Moment,
p in d u c e d Z 2e 2
(a ) A n e u tra l a to m in E = 0 . (b ) In d u c e d d ip o le m o m e n t in a fie ld pe (Ze)x ( )E
The origin of electronic polarization.
β
Matter Polarization & Permittivity
E
C x O
E le c tro n c lo u d
Z 2e 2
C e n te r o f n e g a tiv e
ch arg e pe (Ze)x ( )E
p in d u c e d
(a ) A n e u tra l a to m in E = 0 . (b ) In d u c e d d ip o le m o m e n t in a fie ld
p P e o E
to ta l
(c)
(a) -Q P +Q
V P P
Total Polarization
d =surface polarization charge density!
(a) When a dilectric is placed in an electric field, bound polarization
charges appear on the opposite surfaces. (b) The origin of these
polarization charges is the polarization of the molecules of the
medium. (c) We can represent the whole dielectric in terms of its
surface polarization charges +QP and -QP.
Also, total polarization P Npinduced N e E
1
e N e
o
Permittivity: Electronic Polarization
B o u n d p o la riz a tio n
before insertion of dielectric medium
c h a rg e s o n th e s u rfa c e s
-Q P +Q P
V Qo Qo o
E
d Co d 0 A 0
+Q -Q
E
(b )
A re a = A Qo free surface
o
p to ta l
A charge density
(c)
(a) -Q P +Q
V P P
0E p
Permittivity: Electronic Polarization
B o u n d p o la riz a tio n
c h a rg e s o n th e su rfac e s
-Q P +Q P
(1 e ) 0 E
E
(b )
A rea = A p to ta l
(c)
V
(a) -Q P
P +Q P
Q Relative
r
d
(a) When a dilectric is placed in an electric field, bound polarization
Qo o permittivity
charges appear on the opposite surfaces. (b) The origin of these
polarization charges is the polarization of the molecules of the
medium. (c) We can represent the whole dielectric in terms of its
surface polarization charges +QP and -QP.
r 1 e
N e
r 1 Relation between polarization
0 mechanism to relative permittivity
Clausius-Mossotti Equation
E lo c The bulk electric field assumption is
not valid in the atomic level
1 Lorentz
E le c tric fie ld a t Elocal E P Field
a to m ic s c a le 3ε0
E lo c
E E = V /d
r 1 N i i Clausius-Mossotti Equation
For ionic polarization
r 2 3 0
r 1 1
N e e N i i
r 2 3 0
Total Polarization
7.9 Electronic and ionic polarization in KCl
KCl has the FCC crystal structure. Lattice parameter is 0.629 nm.
The ionic polarizability per ion pair (per K+-Cl- ion) is 4.58 10-40 F m2.
The electronic polarizability of K+ is 1.264 10-40 F m2 and Cl- is 3.408 10-40 F m2.
Calculate the dielectric constant under dc operation and at optical frequencies.
Experimental values are 4.84 and 2.19.
FCC… 4 KCl ion pairs per unit cell. The number of ion pairs, or individual ions, per unit volume (N) is:
4 4
N = 1.607 1028 m-3
a 3 0.629 10 9 m 3
r 1
1
r 2 3 0
N i e ( K ) N i e (Cl ) N i i under dc operation
rop 1
1
rop 2 3 0
N i e ( K ) N i e (Cl ) under optical frequency