Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Final Assignment Presentation of

Technology of Building
Topic: FOOTING
(Shallow Foundation)

Lecturer: Dr. PROK Narith

Group: I3B-GCI (1)

KHENG Vanneth e20170340

KHOM Vivutd e20170349
KHON Rotanak e20170350
KHY Dy e20170356
KIM Chandarith e20170357

Academic year: 2019-2020

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Content:
1. Introduction to Footing
2. Definition and function of Footing
3. Types of Footings
4. Design concepts
5. Construction Process
6. Tasks after construction
7. Problem and solution
8. Conclusion
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1. INTRODUCTION
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and transmit their loads to the
underlying soils.

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2. DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF FOOTING
Footing is the foundation that bears
at a depth less than about two times the
foundation width. Footing or shallow
foundation is constructed below the
earth’s surface which is generally made
of brick, masonry or concrete. Footings
are designed based on the nature of the
loading, the properties of the footing
and the properties of the soil. 5
2. DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF FOOTING

The basic role of foundation as well

as the footing is to safely withdraw and
transmit the combined loads from the
superstructure to the soil. Reinforced
concrete shallow foundations, or
footings, transmit loads from a
structure to the supporting.

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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.1. Wall footing or Strip footing

A strip footing is provided for a

load bearing wall. It is a
continuous strip of concrete that
supports the weight of a wall over
an area of soil. It has a long length
compared to its width.

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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.2. Isolated footing or Spread footing
Sometimes, it is
called column
footing. Isolated
footing is the
simplest and the
cheapest among
all type of footing
to construct.
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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
Combined footing is built to support 2
3.3. Combined footing
columns that are close to each other
that their individual footings would
overlap. A combined footing is also
provided when the property line is so
close to one column that a spread
footing would be eccentrically loaded
when kept entirely within the property
line.
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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.4. Continuous footing
It is commonly used for supporting a row
of three or more columns. It can also be
provided for a row of columns which are so
closely spaced that their spread footings
overlap or nearly touch each other. In such
cases, it is more economical to provide a
continuous footing than to provide a
number of spread footings in one line. 10
3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.5. Cantilever footing or Strap footing
It consists of two isolated footings
connected with a structural strap (beam) or a
lever. The strap connects the footings and
transmits load between footings such that they
behave as one unit. The strap simply acts as a
connecting beam. A strap footing is more
economical than a combined footing when the
allowable soil pressure is relatively high and
distance between the columns is large.
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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.6. Mat or raft foundation
Mat or raft foundation is a large slab with larger depth than normal slap. It supports a number
of columns and walls under the whole structure or a large part of the structure. Raft
foundations are useful in reducing the differential settlements on non-homogeneous soils

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3. TYPES OF FOOTING
3.7. Pile cap

Pile cap is a part of deep foundation

that connects piles to superstructure but
it is also considered as a type of
footing. It is a thick concrete mat that
rests on piles that have been driven into
ground to provide a suitable stable
foundation.
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4. DESIGN CONCEPTS
Design of footing varies depends type and materials to be used. Generally,
footing design starts from determination of footing area by considering the
load acting on footing and allowable soil pressure or the allowable soil
bearing capacity. Furthermore, the depth of footing is to be determine from
one-way and two ways shear design that are taken into account to prevent
shear failure like punching. Sometimes the distribution of soil pressure
causes bending so bending design is considered and specified in
reinforcement bar calculation.
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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.1. Site investigation 5.2. Setting out
A careful site investigation can
minimize the need for overdesign and
reduce the risks of under design. With
enough information available,
construction troubles can be decreased
and, therefore, construction costs are
decreased too. A site investigation
usually costs a small percentage of
total construction costs.
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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.3. Excavation
Procedure for creating shallow foundation
begins with the depth, width, and its layout
for excavation. Generally, foundation is
constructed beneath the ground level in
contact with the soil, and for small
structure, footing is built above the ground
level, also covered with earth filling.
Moreover, it is the hidden part of the
structure.
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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.4. Footing construction -Lean concrete
It is a mix where the amount of cement is lower
than the amount of liquid present in the strata.
This makes it ideal as a base layer where other
kinds of concrete are placed on top. It is good
for providing a flat bottom in uneven or dirt
terrain. Main function of the lean concrete is to
provide the uniform surface to the foundation
concrete and to prevent the direct contact of
foundation concrete from the soil. 17
5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.4. Footing construction
-Formwork: formwork is a temporary hollow
container which holds fresh concrete to shape a
form. Formwork is usually made of timber.

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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.4. Footing construction
-Spacer concrete: it is the little concrete part,
which is used to position the rebar on the right
place with the right cover. Spacer concrete is
used to ensure that there is a gap between the
reinforcement bar and the formwork. Cover of
footing concrete is assumed to be the first
measure considered to prevent influences of
aggressive elements on the reinforcement steel
bars.
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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.4. Footing construction
-Reinforcement bar arrangement:
In construction, reinforcement bars are
very important to form the standard footing
with sufficient strength in order to avoid the
critical moment and the flexural. Moreover,
at the bottom of footing, engineers design
plain mesh that bars are placed as a
grid. This design is made according to load
analysis.
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5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
5.4. Footing construction -Concreting:
This is the indispensable part in
construction and also the part that
most engineers take a look carefully.
As we know, the footing is made of
concrete with reinforcement bars that
pours into an excavation trench.
These are the steps for concrete work:
batching, mixing, transporting,
compacting and curing
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 6. TASKS AFTER
CONSTRUCTION
After concrete work, the construction does not
finish yet. The concrete of footing needs to be
cured after it is poured. There are many methods
to cure concrete as the following points. There
are many ways to cure concrete such as water
curing, membrane curing, hygroscopic curing
and thermal curing. Water curing is the most
used followed by membrane curing using wet
fabric. Hygroscopic is rarely used nowadays and
the thermal curing required complicated work.
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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
-Formwork failure: When the weak
formwork is subjected to the force
caused by fresh concrete, it can lead to
failure that the formwork is broken
and the concrete flows out. This is a
common problem for concrete work
but is can be exactly avoided by
supporting the formwork with any
techniques.

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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
-Water in excavation: when water is
pooled in the trench, placing large cobbles in
the form bottom and compacting them down
into the mud must be done. Muck and water
may fill the spaces between stones, but
contact between the stones will provide
bearing. We can thicken the footings in that
case, because the bottom of the concrete may
absorb some water and be a little weaker
than normal.
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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

-Raining: construction work also requires

weather consideration. The new concrete will
be destroyed by rain. For proper work, a
responsible person must check if the weather
is suitable to allow concrete work or not. If
the concrete work is done and it will be
raining, footing must be covered with a
plastic tent or any alternative solution in
order to protect the concrete from the rain.
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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
- Off-center footing:
In strong soils, a mistake in footing layout can be
corrected by placing gravel to support the wall
(top).
In weaker soils, casting an augmented footing
alongside the existing footing is recommended
(above), connected by dowels epoxied into the side
of the existing footing. Be sure to fill any notches
in the footing, and cut off any existing steel dowels
that will miss the wall.
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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

-Change in footing elevation:

Masonry foundation walls have no real
spanning capability, so they have to be
stepped down when elevations change.
Concrete walls can be reinforced with
steel to span openings. That means the
footings can be discontinuous, jumping
from the 1 meter to the 2 meter elevation

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7. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
-Sulfate Attack:
Concrete in shallow foundations may have to be
attacked by water soluble sulfate salts existing
in the ground. The cement can have the reaction
with sulfate in solution that creates calcium
sulfate. We can protect concrete from this
problem by reducing the water-cement ratio,
increasing cement content and by using well-
compacted dense impermeable concrete made
with sulfate resisting cement.
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8. CONCLUSION
After doing a lot of research on this assignment, we have gained a lot of knowledge
about footing, especially the process of construction that will benefit our internship.
Footing construction is complicated. It required professional work and preparation as
well as properly calculation and risk management. After design and calculation, it is
followed by site preparation and also materials to be used. During construction, there
will be many problems. To ensure that the construction will finish successfully, it
requires high attention and good management during the construction. The construction
is not the end. New footing after concrete work requires good care to make sure that the
concrete cures well and there is no unwanted condition like crack or foundation failure
that may lead to danger. Footing is such an important part of a building.
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Now, our presentation has come to the end.
First of all, we would like to express our deepest gratefulness to Dr. PROK Narith for
his effort in giving lectures on Technology of Building and explaining all of our
concerned questions.
Secondly, thank to all of our members for working hard together as a team to complete
this assignment.
Lastly, thank you all for your attention toward our presentation.

Thank you!
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