Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 1

EE-330
DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING (LEC-5)
Instructor: Sobia Hayee
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
NUST
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 2

The Z-Transform
• Counterpart of the Laplace transform for discrete-time
signals

• Generalization of the Fourier Transform

• Fourier Transform does not exist for all signals

• The z-Transform is often time more convenient to use

 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 3

The Z-Transform
•  Definition

Compare with the Fourier transform

Z is a complex variable
For r=1 Fourier transform can be evaluated
from z-transform
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 4

The z Operator
• Z-operator is defined as

• The z-transform operator transforms the sequence

x[n] into the function X(z)

• Z is complex and continuous

• Z transform notation
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 5

The Unilateral Z-Transform

•  Defined as

• The unilateral and bilateral z-transform are the same if

the sequence
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 6

The Complex Variable z

•  Z can be expressed in the polar form

• The z transform equation becomes

• The above equation can be interpreted as the Fourier

transform of the product of the original sequence x[n]
and the exponential sequence
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 7

The z-plane
Since z is a complex number, it is convenient to
interpret it on a complex plane

the z-plane
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 8

The z Plane
•  The contour corresponding to is a circle of unit
radius called the unit circle
• Z transform evaluated on unit circle corresponds to
the Fourier transform
• It corresponds to wrapping the frequency axis of the
Fourier transform around the unit circle
• It captures the periodicity of the Fourier transform
naturally
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 9

Region of Convergence
•  For any given sequence, the set of values of z for
which the z-transform power series converges is
called the region of convergence or the ROC.
• It yields the condition

It is possible for the z-transform to converge even if

the Fourier transform does not
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 10

Region of Convergence
•  Convergence of power series of the z-transform
depends only on , since

If

The region of convergence exists for all values of z for

which the above inequality holds
 Digital Signal Processing (Spring 2017) 11

Reading Material
Discrete-time Signal Processing, Alan V. Oppenheim
and Ronald W. Schaffer, 3rd Edition
Chapter-3 (Article 1)