Lecture/week 7

Advanced Power Electronics

Single Phase uncontrolled rectifier
with RL-load
Half wave uncontrolled rectifier with RL load:
•Fig shows half wave uncontrolled rectifier
with RL load
•The sinusoidal input Vmsint is applied to the
rectifier
•Let i(t) is the current in the loop
•In this case voltage v(t) falls to zero at t = 
but current does not fall to zero at the same
instant because of inductance in the circuit
 

vR

Vmsint i(t)
 

Vmsint i(t)
•Also the shape of the current is not purely
sinusoidal
•This is also because of inductance
•Let us now analyze the circuit under this
scenario
Analysis:
•Since R and L are in series, so
vL+vR = Vmsint
•Or
di
L  iR  Vm sin t.
dt
di R Vm
 i sin t
dt L L
•This is a linear differential equation of first
order
•Its solution has two components, the
complimentary function and particular
integral
•To get complimentary function, set RHS
equal to zero
•So di R
 i0
dt L
•Solving by operator D method,
• (D+R/L)i = 0
•Auxiliary equation is m + R/L = 0 m=-R/L
Hence complimentary function is :
R
 t
ic (t )  Ae L
......(i )
A is arbitrary constant
•Now find the particular integral ip(t).
•As it is linear differential equation (LDE) of
first order, it is converted into variable
separable equation when multiplied by
integrating factor (IF)
•Recall the generalized LDE
• dy
 P( x) y  Q( x)
dx our eqn
•Compare with
di R Vm
 i sin t
dt L L
•Its integrating factor is eP(x)dx
•Our given equation is
di R Vm
 i sin t
dt L L
•Here P(x) = R/L, so integrating factor is
R
t
e L

•Multiplying the above equation by this

expression,
R R R
t di t R t V
e L
e L
ie L m
sin t
dt L L
 R
•LHS is the derivative of t
ie L

•Hence we can write:

d  
R R
t t Vm
 ie
L
  e
L
sin  t
dt   L

•Integrating both sides,

• ie  V e sin tdt.....(a)
R
t
R
t

L 
L m L

•Knowing
e ax  a sin bx  b cos bx
 e sin bxdx 
ax

a2  b2
•RHS of (a) above is R
R t 
e  sin t   cos t 
L

L 
2
R
  
2

L
•simlifying
R
R t 
L e  sin t   cos t 
2 L

L 
R   L 
2 2

R
 R sin t  L cos t 
t
Le L

Z2
R
 R sin t  L cos t 
t
Le L

Z Z
•Hence
R
 R sin t  L cos t 
R t
t Le L

e L
sin tdt 
Z Z

•Now L = XL, so looking at impedance triangle,

• t

• Z L

•
 R
  L 
•Looking at   tan 1  
 R 

•So we can write

R
 R sin t  L cos t 
R t
t Le L

e L
sin tdt 
Z Z
R
L Lt  R L 
 e  sin t  cos t 
Z Z Z 
R
L Lt
 e sin(t   )
Z
•Putting in (a)
Vm L V
ip (t )  sin(t   )  m sin(t   )  I o sin(t   )...(ii )
L Z Z

•Subscript p is for particular integral part

•Hence complete solution of this equation is:
•i(t) = ic(t) + ip(t)
•From (i) and (ii), total current is:
R
 t Vm
i (t )  Ae L
 sin(t   )....(iii)
Z
•Using initial conditions, i(t) =0, at t=0;
•From (c) Vm
0  A sin(0   )
Z
Vm
A sin 
Z
•So
R
Vm  t V
i (t )  sin  .e L  m sin(t   )....(iv)
Z Z
How to get angle :
•Angle  is the angle where current through
the network becomes zero
•We can introduce angle  into equation (iv)
thus
•Actually  = t, where t is the time where
current becomes zero
• so –Rt/L can be adjusted as –Rt/L
•= -R / L
•Hence eq (iv) is modified as:
R
Vm  Vm
i (t )  sin  .e L
 sin(t   )....(v)
Z Z
•Now at t = , current becomes zero,
•So R
V  V
0 m
sin  .e L
 m
sin(   )....(vi)
Z Z
•Since R,L and  are known,  can be found
from eqn.(vi)
•How to solve eqn,(vi):
•This eqn does not have analytical solution
and hence is solved using numeric technique
•Generally Newton’s method is used to solve
such equations
•Ex.: In the given network, R=100 ohms, L =
0.1H, f = 50Hz, and Vm = 100V. Find (i) i(t),
(ii) average current (iii) rms current (iv)
power (v) power factor