English  

consonants  and vowels

PR-72, Mariia Zavalna, Yevheniia Yukhno

Phonetic factors in consonants
States of the glottis: voicing,
voicelessness, murmur, etc.
Place of articulation: labial,
labiodental interdental,
alveolar,alveopalatal
(=palatoalveolar), palatal, velar,
glottal, etc.
Oral airflow: central or lateral

• Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives,

affricates, voice lag,
Approximants
Position of velum: raised (=oral), lowered
(=nasal)
Consonant factors: states of
glottis
 Observation: controlling the muscles
and cartilages of the larynx can
produce different states in the glottis;
these states are typically characterized
by the results they have on the vocal
folds.
 Primary distinction: voicing vs.
voice lessness.
 Additional states: whisper,
creakiness, murmur.
Consonant factors: place of articulation
Distinctions can be made in place of articulation, where
active (moving) articulator, like the tongue,
approaches other articulators in the oral tract.
•• Bilabial: (near) closure of the lips.
•• Labiodental: involves lower lip and upper teeth.
•• Interdental: involves tongue between teeth.
•• Alveolar: the tongue is brought near the alveolar ridge.
•• Alveopalatal: the tongue is brought just behind the
alveolar ridge.
•• Palatal: the tongue is brought near the palate,
The fourth branch –
functional phonetics
(функціональна
фонетика) – is concerned
with the range and
function of sounds in
specific languages. It is
typically referred to as
phonology. What is the
main distinction between
phonetics and phonology?
 Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted,
and received,phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds. The
human vocal apparatus can produce a wide range of sounds; but only a
small number of them are used in a language to construct all of its
words and utterances.

 Phonology is the study of those segmental (speech

sound types) and prosodic (intonation) features
which have a differential value in the language. It
studies the way in which speakers systematically use a
selection of units – phonemes or intonemes – in order
to express meaning. It investigates the phoneti
phenomena from the point of view of their use.
The most important intonation in a language are
provided by:
 the linguistic use of pitch, or speech melody (мелодика мовлення).
Different levels of pitch (tones)are used in particular sequences
(contours) to express a wide range of meanings.
 the linguistic use of utterance-level /sentence stress (фразовий наголос).
It is the amount of perceptual prominence given to particular words or
syllables in an utterance/sentence because of the particular meaning the
speaker wishes to convey in a particular situation.
 the linguistic use of speech tempo (темп мовлення). It is possible to
speed up or slow down the rate with which syllables, words, and
sentences are produced to convey several kinds of meaning. In many
languages, a sentence spoken with extra speed conveys urgency.
Realizations of a definite phoneme in definite positions in
words are called allophones/variants, «in the mouth»; (the
term suggested by Peter Roach). The sounds of the
language constitute its segmental/phonemic(сегментний/
фонемний) component - the first and basic component of
the phonic substance of language.
List of used literature:
http://www.kmf.uz.ua/hun114/images/ko
nyvek/vrabel_tamas_lectures_in_theoretic
al_phonetics_of_the_english_language.pdf