BASIC HEALTH INDICATORS

and DEMOGRAPHY
FORMULA
BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY (BIOE 211)
COURSE UNIT 4
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSTIY
POPULATION COMPOSITION
1. To describe the sex composition of the population, the nurse
computes for the sex ratio. The sex ratio compares the number of males
to the number of females in the population using the formula below
 
Number of males
= ____________________ x 1000
Number of females

The sex ratio represents the number of males for every 1000 females in
the population. (Example in notes)
2. Age composition
2 ways to describe the age composition of the population.

A. Median age divides the population into two equal parts.

- So, if the median age is said to be 19 years old, it means half of the population belongs
to 19 years and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.

B. Dependency ratio compares the number of economically dependent with the

economically productive group in the population.
- The economically dependent are those who belong to the 0-14 and 65 above age
groups.
- Considered to be economically productive are those within the 15-64 age group.
- The dependency ratio represents the number of economically dependent for every 100
economically productive.

(EXAMPLE IN NOTES)
 • RATIO
- also called a proportion is
the quotient of two numbers
- A good example is number of
Rates deaths per population

and • RATE
Ratios - is a ratio involving a time
period.
- The count or measurement is
observed over a period and
then divided by its base or
population of observation.
EXAMPLE: Based on the Data released by one organization they
conclude that their is an average 16415 deaths around the world in
7 days. What will be the number of deaths in 5 days?
INCIDENCE RATE PREVALENCE RATE
measures the frequency - measures the proportion of the population
of occurrence of the which exhibits a particular disease at a
phenomenon during a particular time.
given period of time. - This can only be determined following a survey
Deals only with NEW of the population concerned.
cases.
- Deals with total (old and new) number of cases
Concepts of Incidence
• Also known as attack rate, case, sickness rate morbidity rate
• It refers to newly discovered cases of a particular disease
• It answers the question “how frequent do cases of a particular
disease occur during a given period of time”
• Used when dealing with a acute conditions and accidents
Concepts of Prevalence
• It refers to the newly discovered and old cases of a particular
disease over a population
• Used when dealing with chronic conditions and disabilities
• It answers the question “what proportion of the group or
population is actually ill with a particular disease at a point in
time.
• Usually determined by means of survey
CBR and CDR
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
• This is rough of the fertility of the population
• The rate is called crude for the following reasons
• Only live births are counted
• The denominator is the total population which includes children, old
people and males
• The rate is expressed in population unit of 1000 to make the figures
meaningful

CRUDES DEATH RATE (CDR)

• This is a measure of the risk of dying from all causes in a population
MMR and IMR
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
• Measure the risk of dying due to the process of pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium.
• It also measures the adequacy of maternal health services

INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)

• Measures the risk of dying due to infancy (under 1 year of
age)
• deaths under 1 year of age/ number of live births x 1000
NMR,FDR and PNR
NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
• Measures the risk of dying in the first four weeks of life of the infant (newborn)
• The number of children dying under 28 days of age divided by the number of live births
that year
• (Number of infant death / number of life birth) X 1000

FETAL DEATH RATE

• Measures the risk of dying before birth
 
PERI-NATAL MORTALITY RATE
• The word means around the period of birth (a month or more before births and one
month after birth)
• Measures the loss of life in later pregnancy and early infancy.
Fertility Rates
• Crude Birth rate =
number of live births
Mid year Population X 1000

• General Fertility Rate =

Number of live births
X 1000
Midyear population of women
15-44 years of age
Mortality Rate

• Crude Death rate =

number of death
Mid year Population
X 1000

• Specific Mortality rate =

number of death in a
specified group X 1000
Midyear population of the
same specified group
Mortality Rate
• Cause-of-Death Rate =
number of deaths from a
specified cause
Midyear population
X 1000

• Infant Mortality Rate =

Deaths under one year of age
Number of live births X 1000
Mortality Rate
• Maternal Mortality rate=

number of deaths due to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium

Number of live births
X 1000
• Proportionate Mortality rate=

number of deaths from a

particular cause
Total Deaths
X 100
Mortality Rate
• Swaroop’s Index=
Number of deaths among those
50 years and over
Total Deaths X 100
• Case Fatality rate=
Number of Deaths from a
specified cause
Number of Cases of the same disease X 100
Morbidity Rates

• Incidence Rate =
number of new cases of disease
developing from a period of time
X 100
Population at risk of developing the disease

• Prevalence Rate=
number of Old and new
cases of a disease
X 100
Population size examined