Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
Dr. S. PAL*
ISRO Satellite Centre,
BANGALORE - 560 017
10 July , 2003
♦ LOVE
♦ ENERGY
♦ COMMUNICATION
♦Communication
♦Information Technology
• The word `Communication' comes from Latin word
`Communico' - meaning `share'. It is communication
more than anything else which has been responsible for
the shrinking of time and distance and with the
development of space technology time and distance
have lost their conventional meaning, permitting men
and women all over the world to share their
experiences, frustrations and successes. Present day
the world has become a GLOBAL VILLAGE. Man is
in a shrinking Globe and expanding Universe. Society
is often described as essentially people in
communication - Communication in simple terms is
nothing but discriminating response to a stimulus. The
"quickness of the response" is increasing in leaps and
bounds day by day.
• There is another word `information' which is also
closely related to communications means "contents" of
message. Claude Shannon defined "information" as
"Reduction of Uncertainty". Information is also
described as "any difference that makes a difference".
Information is a notch on the spectrum with raw data
on low end and knowledge/wisdom on the high end. It
suggests that the raw data when processed becomes
information. Information minus noise is intelligence or
understanding. Intelligence plus experience is
knowledge; and knowledge when further processed,
looked through scholastic eyes, gets philosophized and
so becomes wisdom which is adored over ages. The
present day society is often referred as information
society.
In the past few decades, persons and institutions
have been progressively unsettled by the rapid pace
of social and technological changes brought about
by Communications (telephony, TV etc.). In earlier
times the world around us seemed more stable and
major changes in values, institutions and technology
evolved more slowly. It took centuries for the
Middle Ages to become the Renaissance, yet many
of us have experienced major technological
revolution in one life time in the last century.
Many technological reversals have been seen like
the telephone which should have been on the
wired network has become wireless, while the TV
which was wireless now works on cable. Many
individual spheres of working have become
almost universal, like education has come to the
drawing room from school and colleges, sectors
like banking, medicines, hospitals etc which were
location specific are available on net. There is
tremendous convergence and fusion of
communications, computers and associated
technology in the present era.
We are presently getting on the crest of the
third wave which is INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION more
appropriately termed as `IT' -Information
Technology, the first being agriculture & the
second being ``Industrial Revolution'. As we
become increasingly networked, our worlds will
grow smaller and bigger simultaneously.
• The conventional communication tools are:
♦ Telegraphy using copper wire line
♦ Telephony using copper wire line
♦ Television
♦ New papers, books, etc.
♦ Means of Transport
• All these have undergone a tremendous changes. A few new names
for the present day communication techniques are:
♦ Electronic/Voice Mail
♦ Space Communications
♦ Private Data Service using VAST
♦ Auto Text Service
♦ Video text service (Fascimile)
♦ Radio trunking/paging
♦ Cellular Mobile Telephone (PCS)
♦ Wireless in local loops
♦ Local National & International information exchange
intelligent Networks & Integrated Services Networks
• New ones are:
♦ Mobile Satellite Telephone - Personal Communication
Systems
♦ INFOSAT (information satellite)
♦ A major shift from analogue to digital domain
♦ An increase in the value of software as opposed to
hardware content
♦ Extension of optical technology towards the local loop
coupled with increasing use of optical switches and optical
processing
♦ Use of wireless in access technology - New access &
Modulation codes
♦ Ultra broad band services
♦ Extensive use of spread spectrum and code division
multiple access techniques.
• Services planned / in existence are:
♦Virtual Private Networks. / PCS - Personal
Communication Services
♦Call Collect Services / Desk top Video conferencing
♦Card Phone Services/ Tele-education/Telehealth/
Teleshopping
♦Video Telephone / Interactive Video & Video on
demand
♦Multimedia transmission / reception /e-mail/e-
Governance/e-commerce
♦Global positioning/timing system along with SATNAV
♦Digital TV, Direct TV to Home
♦MOST IMPORTANT - THE INTERNET & WORLD
WIDE WEB
• All these need either terrestrial or satellite channels to
serve the user. The present day scenario looks like:
Television Internet TV
Cable TV
Video on
AUDIO SYSTEM Demand
DVD Space
Telephone Internet
Cellular
Cellular
Pager Internet World
Telephony Wide
Fax
Web
Home Banking
Network
Printer Computing
VideoCamera Terrestrial
Video
Desktop PC conferencing
PDA
Credit Card Smart Card
20,000 KM MEO
10,000 KM MEO
800 KM MEO
GEO
VARIOUS ORBITS
• VARIOUS CONVENTIONAL SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION SERVICES:
IRIDIUM SYSTEM
• Mobile Satellite Communications using LEO, MEO or Geo has
received a setback because of the commercial failure of Irridium
and Global Star. The failures were due to the fact that the
project was engineering led - rather than marketing led. The
astronomically high terminal & service cost as compared to
terrestrial based systems was another reason for its failures.
During the10 years of realization of the project the CELL
handset cost, airtime &size reduced considerably while no such
effort was made for iridium (handset cost $3000, airtime $3-9,
total no. of customers 15000). On engineering account the two
projects cannot be considered as failures. In spite of cellular
telephone & other mobile services, the two systems along with
Thuraya have shown their usefulness over others in Afghanistan
and Iraq operations and also communications to inaccessible
places. INMARSAT has touched its 200000th customer very
recently. These figures should not make one think that there is
no future for MSS.
• Before commenting on any technology or the market it
is advisable to look on the s-curve
New technologies and markets are generally
characterized by an S- Shaped growth curve
♦DBS/DTH services
with 300 - 500
channels.The service
may broadcast
multimedia &
internet .
• Phased array - orbit
re-configurable
antennas with digital
beam forming capable
of dynamically sharing
RF power, controlling
EIRPs and generating
large number of spot
beams will be used
extensively. This may
call for large
deployable antennas (>
25 meter in diameter),
complex feed systems.
The similar systems
may be even needed
for ground networks.
♦Efficient signal processors and switching equipment
will enable signal processing to be performed
onboard right down to operations similar to
switching in exchanges which will provide better
mesh connectivity. ATM switches onboard space
crafts may be used. Onboard multiplexing of digital
TV transmission may be done.
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CONVERGENCE and FUSION of
DBS - 300 Channels Mobile
various Communication Technologies
Here
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THANK YOU