Descriptive methods

Descriptive research methods

 Descriptive research methods are pretty much as they sound — they describe situations.

 They do not make accurate predictions, and they do not determine cause and effect.
 Observation in psychology have description of behavior as their major purpose
 Descriptive observation enumerate what behavior occur and in what quantity and frequency
 There are three main types of descriptive methods:
 observational methods,
 case-study methods and
 survey methods.
Observational Method

 With the observational method

 (sometimes referred to as field observation)
 animal and human behavior is closely observed. 
 There are two main categories —
 naturalistic observation and
 laboratory observation. 
Naturalistic observation

 In naturalistic observation a researcher engage in careful observation of behavior without

intervening directly
 Behavior is allowed to unfold naturally
 In natural environment
 Ranged from watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle to
 Observing parent child interaction in different cultures
 Recording students self-seating patterns in the lunchrooms
 It does not explain behavior
 Simply describe it
 Description can be revealing
 Naturalistic observation revealed that chimpanzees sometimes used tool
 Using a stick to get hanging bananas
 We can also learned the cultures shape child rearing.
 Students of different races often avoid each other out side the class rooms
 So needs to foster the integration
 Ethology: naturally occurring behavior
 Systematic observation
 Experience
 Categories
 What is going to observe
 Answer specific question
 If two or more observers are categorizing behavior ;it can be compared and better results
 Inter observer reliability can be checked
 Flashing eyebrows
 Ethologist Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1970-1972)
 Facial expressions of human beings
 Took pictures from the different counties
 Careful examination of the expressions indicated that many are similar across culture
 When people greet each other they gave a brief eyebrow flash
 Some cultures were different in using their eyebrow flash
 Japanese do not use the flash they consider it indecent
Advantages

 The biggest advantage of the naturalistic method of research is that researchers view
participants in their natural environments. 
 This leads to greater ecological validity than laboratory observation, proponents say.  
 Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research can be used in real-life situations. 
 Proponents of laboratory observation often suggest that due to more control in the
laboratory, the results found when using laboratory observation are more meaningful than
those obtained with naturalistic observation.