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Chapter 6 Arrays

Lecturer: Mrs Rohani Hassan

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Objectives
 To describe why an array is necessary in programming (§6.1).
 To learn how to declare an array (§6.2.1).
 To access array elements using indexed variables (§6.2.2).
 To initialize the values in an array (§6.2.3).
 To develop and invoke functions with array arguments (§§6.3-6.4).
 To declare and create two-dimensional arrays (§6.7).
 (Optional) To declare and create multidimensional arrays (§6.8).

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Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the
same types of data.
double myList [10];

myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5
myList[2] 3.3
myList[3] 13.2
myList[4] 4.0
Array element at
myList[5] 34.33 Element value
index 5
myList[6] 34.0

myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 111.23

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Declaring Array Variables
datatype arrayRefVar[arraySize];
Example:
double myList[10];

C++ requires that the array size used to declare an array must be a
constant expression. For example, the following code is illegal:
int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Wrong
But it would be OK, if size is a constant as follow:
const int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Correct

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Arbitrary Initial Values
When an array is created, its elements are assigned
with arbitrary values.

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Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index. Array
indices are 0-based; that is, they start from 0 to arraySize-1.
In the example in Figure 6.1, myList holds ten double
values and the indices are from 0 to 9.

Each element in the array is represented using the


following syntax, known as an indexed variable:

arrayName[index];

For example, myList[9] represents the last element in the


array myList.
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Using Indexed Variables
After an array is created, an indexed variable can
be used in the same way as a regular variable.
For example, the following code adds the value
in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2].

myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];

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No Bound Checking
C++ does not check array’s boundary. So,
accessing array elements using subscripts beyond
the boundary (e.g., myList[-1] and myList[11])
does not does cause syntax errors, but the operating
system might report a memory access violation.

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Array Initializers
Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:
dataType arrayName[arraySize] = {value0, value1,
..., valuek};

double myList[4] = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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Declaring, creating, initializing
Using the Shorthand Notation
double myList[4] = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
This shorthand notation is equivalent to the
following statements:

double myList[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

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CAUTION
Using the shorthand notation, you have to declare,
create, and initialize the array all in one statement.
Splitting it would cause a syntax error. For
example, the following is wrong:
double myList[4];
myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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Implicit Size
C++ allows you to omit the array size when
declaring and creating an array using an initilizer.
For example, the following declaration is fine:

double myList[] = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

C++ automatically figures out how many elements


are in the array.

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Partial Initialization
C++ allows you to initialize a part of the array. For
example, the following statement assigns values
1.9, 2.9 to the first two elements of the array. The
other two elements will be set to zero. Note that if
an array is declared, but not initialized, all its
elements will contain “garbage”, like all other local
variables.

double myList[4] = {1.9, 2.9};

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Initializing Character Arrays
char city[] = {'D', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'a', 's'};

char city[] = "Dallas";


This statement is equivalent to the preceding statement,
except that C++ adds the character '\0', called the null
terminator, to indicate the end of the string, as shown in
Figure 6.2. Recall that a character that begins with the back
slash symbol (\) is an escape character.

'D' 'a' 'l' 'l' 'a' 's' '\0'


city[0] city[1] city[2] city[3] city[4] city[5] city[6]

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Initializing arrays with random
values
The following loop initializes the array myList with random
values between 0 and 99:

for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)


{
myList[i] = rand() % 100;
}

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Printing arrays
To print an array, you have to print each element in the array
using a loop like the following:

for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)


{
cout << myList[i] << " ";
}

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Printing Character Array
For a character array, it can be printed using one print
statement. For example, the following code displays
Dallas:

char city[] = "Dallas";


cout << city;

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Copying Arrays
Can you copy array using a syntax like this?
list = myList;

This is not allowed in C++. You have to copy individual


elements from one array to the other as follows:

for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)


{
list[i] = myList[i];
}
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Summing All Elements
Use a variable named total to store the sum. Initially total
is 0. Add each element in the array to total using a loop
like this:

double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
{
total += myList[i];
}

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Finding the Largest Element
Use a variable named max to store the largest element.
Initially max is myList[0]. To find the largest element in
the array myList, compare each element in myList with
max, update max if the element is greater than max.

double max = myList[0];


for (int i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
{
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}

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Finding the smallest index of the
largest element
double max = myList[0];
int indexOfMax = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
{
if (myList[i] > max)
{
max = myList[i];
indexOfMax = i;
}
}
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
Declare array variable values, create an
array, and assign its reference to values

int main()
{ After the array is created

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 0

{ 2 0

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 0

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i becomes 1

int main()
{ After the array is created
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 0 0

{ 1 0

0
values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 2

3 0
} 4 0
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=1) is less than 5

int main()
{
After the array is created
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 0 0
{ 1 0

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 2 0

} 3 0

4 0
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed, value[1] is 1

int main()
{ After the first iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 0

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 0

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation

Trace Program with Arrays


After i++, i becomes 2

int main()
{
int values[5]; After the first iteration

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 0 0

{ 1

2
1

values[i] = values[i] + 3 0

values[i-1]; 4 0

}
values[0] = values[1] +
values[4];
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (= 2) is less than 5
int main()
{
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) After the first iteration

{ 0 0

values[i] = values[i] + 1 1

values[i-1]; 2 0

3 0
} 4 0
values[0] = values[1] +
values[4];
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed,
values[2] is 3 (2 + 1)

int main()
{ After the second iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 0

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 3.

int main()
{ After the second iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 0

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=3) is still less than 5.

int main()
{ After the second iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 0

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3)

int main()
{ After the third iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 6

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 4

int main()
{ After the third iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 6

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=4) is still less than 5

int main()
{ After the third iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 6

} 4 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6)

int main()
{ After the fourth iteration

int values[5]; 0 0
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 1 1

{ 2 3

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 3 6

} 4 10

values[0] = values[1] + values[4];


}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After i++, i becomes 5

int main()
{
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{ After the fourth iteration
values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1];
} 0 0
values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 1 1
} 2 3

3 6

4 10

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animation

Trace Program with Arrays


i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop

int main()
{
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) After the fourth iteration
{
values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 0

1
0
1
} 2 3

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 6

} 4 10

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10)

int main()
{
int values[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) 0 11

{ 1 1

values[i] = values[i] + values[i-1]; 2 3

} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 10

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Example: Testing Arrays
 Objective: The program receives 6 numbers from
the user, finds the largest number and counts the
occurrence of the largest number entered.
Suppose you entered 3, 5, 2, 5, 5, and 5, the
largest number is 5 and its occurrence count is 4.

TestArray Run

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Example: Assigning Grades
 Objective: read student scores (int), get the best
score, and then assign grades based on the
following scheme:
– Grade is A if score is >= best–10;
– Grade is B if score is >= best–20;
AssignGrade
– Grade is C if score is >= best–30;
– Grade is D if score is >= best–40; Run
– Grade is F otherwise.

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Passing Arrays to Functions
Just as you can pass single values to a function,
you can also pass an entire array to a function.
Listing 6.3 gives an example to demonstrate how
to declare and invoke this type of functions.

PassArrayDemo

Run

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Passing Size along with Array
Normally when you pass an array to a function, you
should also pass its size in another argument. So the
function knows how many elements are in the array.
Otherwise, you will have to hard code this into the
function or declare it in a global variable. Neither is
flexible or robust.

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Pass-by-Reference
Passing an array variable means that the starting
address of the array is passed to the formal
parameter. The parameter inside the function
references to the same array that is passed to the
function. No new arrays are created. This is pass-
by-reference.

PassByReferenceDemo

Run

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const Parameters
Passing arrays by reference makes sense for performance
reasons. If an array is passed by value, all its elements must
be copied into a new array. For large arrays, it could take
some time and additional memory space. However, passing
arrays by reference could lead to errors if your function
changes the array accidentally. To prevent it from
happening, you can put the const keyword before the array
parameter to tell the compiler that the array cannot be
changed. The compiler will report errors if the code in the
function attempts to modify the array.

ConstArrayDemo Compile error


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Modifying Arrays in Functions
Can you return an array from a function using a similar
syntax? For example, you may attempt to declare a
function that returns a new array that is a reversal of an
array as follows:
// Return the reversal of list
int[] reverse(const int list[], int size)
This is not allowed in C++.

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Modifying Arrays in Functions, cont.
However, you can circumvent this restriction by passing
two array arguments in the function, as follows:
// newList is the reversal of list
void reverse(const int list[], list newList[], int size)

list

newList

ReverseArray Run

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animation

Trace the reverse Function


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 0

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);
i = 0 and j = 5

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 0

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47
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2); i (= 0) is less than 6

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 0

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48
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i]; i = 0 and j = 5
} Assign list[0] to result[5]
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 1

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49
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i]; After this, i becomes 1
} and j becomes 4
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 1

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50
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

i (=1) is less than 6


void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)
{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 0 1

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51
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i = 1 and j = 4
Assign list[1] to result[4]
}
list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 2 1

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52
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} After this, i becomes 2
and j becomes 3
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 2 1

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53
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i]; i (=2) is still less than 6
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 0 2 1

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54
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i = 2 and j = 3
Assign list[i] to result[j]
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 3 2 1

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55
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i]; After this, i becomes 3
} and j becomes 2

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 3 2 1

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56
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i (=3) is still less than 6
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 0 3 2 1

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57
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i = 3 and j = 2
Assign list[i] to result[j]
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 4 3 2 1

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58
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} After this, i becomes 4
} and j becomes 1

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i (=4) is still less than 6
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 0 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
i = 4 and j = 1
newList[j] = list[i]; Assign list[i] to result[j]
}
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 5 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} After this, i becomes 5
and j becomes 0
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 5 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i (=5) is still less than 6
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 0 5 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
} i = 5 and j = 0
Assign list[i] to result[j]
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 6 5 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i];
After this, i becomes 6
} and j becomes -1
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 6 5 4 3 2 1

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animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.


int list1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
reverse(list1, list2);

void reverse(const int list[], int newList[], int size)


{
for (int i = 0, j = size - 1; i < size; i++, j--)
{
newList[j] = list[i]; i (=6) < 6 is false. So exit
} the loop.

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

newList 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Two-dimensional Arrays
// Declare array ref var

dataType arrayName[rowSize][columnSize];
int matrix[5][5];

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Two-dimensional Array Illustration
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [0] [1] [2] [3]

[0] [0] [0] 1 2 3

[1] [1] 4 5 6
[1]
[2] [2] 7 [2] 7 8 9

[3] [3] [3] 10 11 12

[4] [4] int array[][] = {


{1, 2, 3},
int matrix[5][5]; {4, 5, 6},
matrix[2][1] = 7; {7, 8, 9},
{10, 11, 12}
};

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Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using
Shorthand Notations
You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and
initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,

int array[4][3] = { int array[4][3];


{1, 2, 3}, Equivalent array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};
(b)
(a)

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Initializing Arrays with Random Values
The following loop initializes the array with random
values between 0 and 99:

for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)


{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
matrix[row][column] = rand() % 100;
}
}
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Printing Arrays
To print a two-dimensional array, you have to print each
element in the array using a loop like the following:

for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)


{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
cout << matrix[row][column] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
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Summing All Elements
To print a two-dimensional array, you have to print each
element in the array using a loop like the following:

for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)


{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
cout << matrix[row][column] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
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Summing Elements by Column
For each column, use a variable named total to store its
sum. Add each element in the column to total using a
loop like this:

for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)


{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];
cout << "Sum for column " << column << " is " << total
<< endl;
}
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Which row has the largest sum?
Use variables maxRow and indexOfMaxRow to
track the largest sum and index of the row. For
each row, compute its sum and update maxRow
and indexOfMaxRow if the new sum is greater.

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Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays
to Functions
You can pass a two-dimensional array to a
function; however, C++ requires that the
column size to be specified in the function
declaration. Listing 6.11 gives an example with
a function that returns the sum of all the
elements in a matrix.

PassTwoDimensionalArray Run

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Example: Grading Multiple-
Choice Test
 Objective: write a
Students’ Answers to the Questions:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
program that grades
Student 0 A B A C C D E E A D multiple-choice test.
Student 1 D B A B C A E E A D
Student 2 E D D A C B E E A D
Student 3 C B A E D C E E A D Key to the Questions:
Student 4 A B D C C D E E A D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Student 5 B B E C C D E E A D
Student 6 B B A C C D E E A D Key D B D C C D A E A D
Student 7 E B E C C D E E A D

GradeExam Run
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Example: Computing Taxes
Using Arrays
Listing 5.9, ComputeTaxWithFunction.cpp, simplified
Listing 3.5, ComputeTaxWithSelectionStatement.cpp.
Listing 5.9 can be further improved using arrays. For
each filing status, there are six tax rates. Each rate is
applied to a certain amount of taxable income.

ComputeTax Run

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Refine the table

10% 6000 12000 6000 10000


15% 27950 46700 23350 37450
27% 67700 112850 56425 96745
30% 141250 171950 85975 156600
35% 307050 307050 153525 307050
38.6%
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Reorganize the table
6000 12000 6000 10000
27950 46700 23350 37450
67700 112850 56425 96745
141250 171950 85975 156600
307050 307050 153525 307050

Rotate

6000 27950 67700 141250 307050 Single filer


12000 46700 112850 171950 307050 Married jointly
6000 23350 56425 85975 153525 Married separately
10000 37450 96745 156600 307050 Head of household

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Declare Two Arrays
6000 27950 67700 141250 307050 Single filer
12000 46700 112850 171950 307050 Married jointly
6000 23350 56425 85975 153525 Married separately
10000 37450 96745 156600 307050 Head of household

10% int[][] brackets = {


{6000, 27950, 67700, 141250, 307050}, // Single filer
15%
{12000, 46700, 112850, 171950, 307050}, // Married jointly
27% {6000, 23350, 56425, 85975, 153525}, // Married separately
30% {10000, 37450, 96700, 156600, 307050} // Head of
household
35% };
38.6%
double[] rates = {0.10, 0.15, 0.27, 0.30, 0.35, 0.386};

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Multidimensional Arrays
In the preceding section, you used a two-dimensional array
to represent a matrix or a table. Occasionally, you will
need to represent n-dimensional data structures. In C++,
you can create n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.

The way to declare two-dimensional array can be


generalized to declare n-dimensional array for n >= 3. For
example, the following syntax declares a three-
dimensional array scores.

double scores[10][5][2];

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Example: Calculating Total Scores

 Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for


students in a class. Suppose the scores are stored in a three-
dimensional array named scores. The first index in scores refers to
a student, the second refers to an exam, and the third refers to the
part of the exam. Suppose there are 7 students, 5 exams, and each
exam has two parts--the multiple-choice part and the programming
part. So, scores[i][j][0] represents the score on the multiple-choice
part for the i’s student on the j’s exam. Your program displays the
total score for each student.

TotalScore Run
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Example: Guessing Birth Date
Listing 3.2, GuessBirthDate.cpp, gives a
program that guesses a birth date. The
program can be simplified by storing the
numbers in five sets in a three dimensional
array and prompts the user for the answers
using a loop, as shown in Listing 6.15:

GuessBirthDateUsingArray Run
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