City/Regional Planning

Refresher Course
28. A place oriented approach to regional analysis
that can be used to supplement sectoral and
technical planning as well as people-oriented
approaches to social services.
 
a. Approaches to Planning
b. Comprehensive Land Use Planning
c. Site Planning
d. Civil engineering and Architectural design
29. An approach based on the argument that urban growth
centers, event market towns and intermediate size cities
are parasitic, that they allow town base elites, large
corporations and central government agencies to exploit the
rural population and to drain rural areas of their resources.
 
a. Decentralized Territorial Approach
b. Growth Pole Concept
c. Site Planning
d. Urban Renewal
30. A spatial development concept that suggest that by
investing heavily in capital intensives industries in the largest
urban centers, government in developing countries can
stimulate economic growth that will Spread outward to
generate regional development the economies of scale found
in the largest cities.
 
a. Growth Pole Concept
b. Neo Classicism
c. Gentrification
d. Sprawl
 Growth Pole Theory (Perroux)
• Perroux, French economist, who
believed that the basic fact of
spatial, as well as industrial
development is that “growth” does
not appear everywhere and all at
once.

• It appears in points or development

poles with various intensities.

• Growth Pole – occurs in economic

space

• Growth Center/Point – refers to

spatial location
 Economic Concepts and their Geographical
Developments
1. CONCEPTS OF LEADING INDUSTRIES
AND PROPULSIVE FIRMS
– Leading industries dominate other
economic units
– Due to localization of resource:
natural or man-made

• There should be no reliance to one

industry; solution is to develop an
industrial complex with a variety of
smaller firms.
 Economic Concepts and their Geographical
Developments
2. CONCEPT OF POLARIZATION
– Leading industries induces the
polarization of other economic
units into the pole of growth –
“Agglomeration of economies”

• Leading industries itself may

decline; diseconomies of scale
may outweigh agglomeration
benefits.
Detroit, Michigan is home of the
Big Three Auto Companies – GM,
Chrysler, & Ford
 Economic Concepts and their
Geographical Developments
3. CONCEPT OF SPREAD
EFFECT
– States that growth will
spread outwards into
surrounding areas –
“trickling down” or CALABARZON

“spillover” effects.

• Most difficult to examine;

studies show wide income
distribution in a region.
 Growth Pole Theory as a Policy Tool in
Regional Planning
• Owing to the various agglomeration
economies, it tends to be a very efficient way
of generating development

• The concentration of investment in specific

growth areas costs less in terms of public
expenditure than wholesale grants to large
areas
44. A type of ecozone that is nearby ports of entry,
such as seaports and airports. Imported goods may
be unloaded, repacked, sorted and manipulated
without being subjected to import duties.
 
a. Tourism and Commercial
b. Export processing Zone
c. Freeport Zones
d. None of the Above
57. A central business district usually has a
 
a. High daytime population
b. Large concentration of office and retail
activities
c. Large daily inflow and outflow of commuters
d. All of the above
• Central Business District
(CBD) – area of a town or
city where most of the
commercial activity is
found. This area is
dominated by shops,
offices, entertainment
venues, and local
government buildings.
Usually CBDs are
characterized by high rent
and rates, tall buildings, and
chain stores and is really
accessible to pedestrians.
• Bid-Rent Theory
– assumption
that land value
and rent
decrease as
distance from
the central
business district
increases
59. Urban development tends to occur along
major transportation routes regions
 
a. Population tends to concentrate where
transportation routes regions
b. Transportation facilities tend to service areas
where there is population
c. Both A and B
 Sector model (1939)
• Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector
Model based on studies of
142 US cities.
• Pie-shaped wedges created
by Hoyt compensated for
the drawbacks of the Ring
Model
• Low Rent areas & High Rent
areas could extend to the
outer edge
• Transportation and
industrial zones accounted
for the sectors
62. ________ initially developed the concept of
“growth pole of regions”

a. Christaller
b. Perroux
c. Lennoix
d. Howard
64. One of the following consists of an area of land,
which is generally developed based on a
comprehensive plan, allocated factory buildings
either sold or leased for manufacturing purposes
 
a. Industrial estate
b. Integrated area development
c. Industrial subdivision
d. Commercial/industrial estate
76. In many metropolitan centers in the
developing world, the largest component of
urban population growth is
 
a. Births
b. In-migration
c. Increase in territorial
d. None of the above
Push and Pull Factors
77. Metro Manila is considered a primate city
because
 
a. It is the largest urban center of the country
b. It contains the country’s primary central business
district
c. It has a very large population compared to all
other urban centers of the country
d. It is a metropolitan center
• Primate City – city that is far the largest within a country
or area. Such a city holds a larger proportion of the
population, economic activity, and social functions than
other settlements within an area.
82. The factors for analyzing traditional location
theory are:
 
a. The costs of marketing and advertising
b. Labor wages
c. The costs of transporting raw materials to
the factory and finished goods to the market
d. All of the above
 Key Elements in Location Theory

1. Transport
2. Labor
3. Market
4. Agglomeration
 3 Factors that would influence industrial location

1. Transport costs –directly

proportional to distance moved
and weight carried

i.e. Bulk-reducing industry (copper

mining, timber mills, furniture
manufacture, agricultural
activities) => material-oriented
firms

Weight-gaining industry (car

industry, soda bottling, brewing)
=> market-oriented firms
 3 Factors that would influence industrial location

2. Labor costs – can attract a firm to

new location, other than the least
transport cost if the savings in labor
cost per unit of output are greater
than the extra transport cost per
unit involved.

i.e., Unskilled labor (garment industry)

– cheap and available everywhere

Deskilled labor (i.e., Silicon Valley) –

skilled labor and difficult to find
 3 Factors that would influence industrial location
3. Agglomerative or deglomerative forces
• Economies of agglomeration (pool
of skilled labor, establishment of
specialist services, i.e. Marikina
Shoe Industry, Fashion District in
NYC, Hidalgo Street);
• Diseconomies of agglomeration
(increasing land prices, congestion,
pollution, high crime rate, etc. – i.e.,
BPOs/Call Centers locating in
developing countries,
manufacturing in China)
92. This strategy refers to a situation where an industry through
the flow of goods and income stimulates that development
and growth of the industries that are technically related to it,
and determines the prosperity of the tertiary sector or
stimulates an increase of the regional income
 
a. Growth pole
b. Industrial polarization
c. Industrial decentralization
d. Industrial location
95. Kevin Lynch stresses
 
a. A conceptual system focusing on urban form
b. A communications theory approach to urban
growth
c. Accessibility concepts and urban structure
d. Urban spatial structure in the framework of
equilibrium theory (an economic model of spatial
structure)
Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City (1960)

5 Elements of Urban Images:

1. Paths
2. Edges
3. Districts
4. Nodes
5. Landmarks
 5 Elements of Urban Images
1. Paths – are movement channels and form
the predominant elements in people’s image
of the city.
Examples - Streets, walkways, canals, railways,
etc.
 5 Elements of Urban Images
2. Edges – are boundaries that break or run
parallel to the urban textures, which is
composed of a texture of individual buildings
and open spaces,
Examples – shores, edges of development, walls,
port, gate
 5 Elements of Urban Images
3. Districts – are the sections of the city and
are mentally recognized as having some
identifiable character (i.e., visually
homogenous in texture and may also be
homogenous in land use).

Chinatown, San Francisco Financial District, Battery Park NYC

 5 Elements of Urban Images
4. Nodes – are places of intensive activity,
usually at the intersections of paths.
Examples - junctions, squares and street
corners

Lightrail Transit Stop Bryant Park, NYC

 5 Elements of Urban Images

5. Landmarks – points of
reference based on
their visual
distinctiveness from
their surroundings.
Examples - buildings,
signs, mountains, etc.

Landmark Bank of China building, whose

triangular shapes were designed by Pei. Hong-
Kong, China
158. It is a concept of spatial development that well-
articulated and integrated system of growth centers of
different sizes and functional characteristics can play an
important role in facilitating more widespread regional
development.
 
a. Growth pole concept
b. Decentralized territorial approach
c. Functional-spatial integration
d. Smart growth concept
163. Perroux is to Growth Pole Theory as
Doxiadis is to:
 
a. Industrial Location Theory
b. Patterns of Human Settlements
c. Short-Run regional Change
d. None of the above
 Constantinos Doxiadis’ Ekistics
• Developed by Constantinos Doxiadis in his book
“Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human
Settlements” (1968) & “Ecumenopolis” (1975)

• Is derived from the ancient Greek term “oikizo”

meaning “creating a settlement”

– Human settlement – settlement inhabited by Man

– Goal of human settlement – it should satisfy Man,
i.e., guarantee happiness and safety of Man
 Rationale
• The elements of contemporary cities, such as
transportation, zoning, and communication, were no
longer in balance.
 Rationale
• Emergence of increasingly large and complex
settlements, tending to regional conurbations
and even to world-wide city (“ecumenopolis”).
– Unprecedented urban growth due to improved living
conditions, accompanied by urban migration
 Ekistics and the sciences directly contributing
to it.

An interdisciplinary Ekistics
effort “to arrive at a
Cultural
proper conception and Disciplines
Economics

implementation of the
facts, concepts, and
ideas related to human Technical Social
Disciplines Sciences
settlement”
Political Science
&
Administration
5 Ekistic Elements
Anthropo
s
Networks

Society

Shells

Nature
 5 Ekistics Elements
1. Man – In the center is the individual human being
2. Society – deals with people and their interaction
with population trends, group behavior, social
customs, occupation, income, and government
– Preservation of values
 5 Ekistics Elements
3. Nature – represents the
ecosystem within which
man and society operate
and cities and
settlements are placed
• “Carrying capacity”

4. Shells – used as the

generic term for all
buildings and structures
 5 Ekistics Elements
5. Networks – for transportation,
communication and utilities that support the
settlements and tie them together with their
organization and structure
Ekistic Logarithmic Scale
 Concept of the Dynapolis

• In all settlements, we can draw a distinction bet. The central part,

the homogeneous parts w/c are mostly residential, the circulatory
part, and the parts accommodating special functions.
 Concept of the Dynapolis

• Ideal growth should allow for the stability of the homogenous

parts (residential) while letting the center grow with the least
disruption of existing form, structure and function.
164. The pattern of urban settlement of man is
as follows:
 
a. Urban region, megalopolis, metropolis
b. Village, megalopolis, town
c. Village, city, urban region
d. None of the Above
 Central Place Theory
(W. Christaller, 1933)

Central places (market town)

provide goods and services
– Higher-order central places –
bigger market areas and fewer
and widely distributed (i.e.,
large shopping arcades and
malls, hypermarket)
 Central Place Theory
(W. Christaller, 1933)

Central places (market town)

provide goods and services
– Lower-order central places –
smaller market areas and
provide goods/services that
are bought more frequently
(i.e., newspaper stalls,
groceries, bakeries and post
offices)
• Threshold – min.
market area
wherein
goods/services
become
economically viable

• Range – max.
distance which
consumers will
travel to purchase
goods/services
 Functional Hierarchies

• The larger the

settlements are in
size, the fewer in
number they will be,
i.e. there are many
small villages, but
relatively few large
cities.
 Functional Hierarchies

• The larger the

settlements grow in
size, the greater the
distance between
them, i.e. villages are
usually found close
together, while cities
are spaced much
further apart.
 Functional Hierarchies
• As a settlement
increases in size, the
range and number
of its functions will
increase ., i.e. more
higher-order places,
greater degree of
specialization
Cultural Center

Specialized Hospitals
 Advantages of Central Place Theory
• The theory does a reasonably good
job of describing the spatial pattern
of urbanization. No other economic
theory explains why there is a
hierarchy of urban centers.

Metro Manila skyline

 Advantages of Central Place Theory

• It does a good job of

describing the
location of trade and
service activity (i.e.,
business services and
high technology in
urban centers).
167. Which of the following forces contribute/s to
changes in the global system of cities:
 
a. Competition among cities, technical change
b. Globalization; informational economy
c. Environment; demography
d. Privatization; deregulation
e. All of the Above
f. None of the Above
168. What is meant by “Growth Corridors”?
 
a. A particular form of de-concentration
b. Cities immediately below the global level
c. Global Cities
d. None of the Above
 Tourism & Information Communication Technology
(ICT) as lead industries in Central Visayas

 The ICT industry in the region received a boost from the

entry of more business process outsourcing (BPO) firms like
Accenture, e-Performax Philippines and Teletech and the
expansion of existing companies.

 In the Asiatown IT Park alone, the number of locators

increased from 20 to 30 during the year 2008.
170. What is/are elements of Human
Settlements?
 
a. Micro-space, middle-scale, macro-scale
b. Nature, man, society, shells, networks
c. Production, mobility, communication
d. None of the Above
190. Ekistics as developed by Doxiadis refers to
the science of:
 
a. Urban Planning
b. Regional Planning
c. Comprehensive land use planning
d. Human Settlements
194. The Neocolonial-Dependence Model refers
to:
 
a. Inappropriate advised of foreign experts
b. Divergence between the rich and poor
c. Unequal power relationship between
developed countries and LDC’s
d. All of the Above
 Dependency Theory
• Political & economic
relationships between
nations & regions limit
the development of the
less well off areas
• Colonial dependencies
are still in place from
long ago.
• Dependency theory
sees little hope for
economic prosperity in
some traditional parts
of the world
Models of Development

• Structuralist Models
– Regional disparities are a structural
feature of the global economy
– Things have come to be organized
or structured in a way and cannot be
changed easily
195. On the other hand, the Dualistic-
Development Thesis refers to:
 
a. Inappropriate advised of foreign experts
b. Divergence between the rich and poor
c. Unequal power relationship between
developed countries and LDC’s
d. All of the Above
Models of Development

• Liberal Models
– All countries are capable of
development
– Economic disparities are a result of
short term inefficiencies in local or
regional market forces
 Liberal Development Models

Modernization Model
Walt Rostow’s model assumes all countries follow a
similar path to development or modernization,
advancing through five stages of development,
climbing a ladder of development.

- traditional
- preconditions of takeoff
- takeoff
- drive to maturity
- high mass consumption
Rostow’s Ladder of Development
 Clarke’s Sector Model (Colin Clarke 1905 – 1989)
Another linear model.
This time suggesting
that all economies start
off as agricultural and
then go through a
period of
industrialisation and
then develop into post
industrial economies.
Success in one sector
sets the conditions to
move to the next stage.
John Friedmann’s Model of Regional Development

Upward transitional area

could be seen as the semi
periphery.
Resource frontier is
peripheral but endowed
with resources.
Downward transitional
area could be seen as the
periphery suffering from
backwash effects of
development in the Core.
218. This pertains to the process wherein large numbers of
people, driven by demographic factors, live together in
important locations – a process that is always accompanied by
economic agglomeration, spatial alteration, and socio-cultural
change.
 
a. Industrialization
b. Urbanization
c. Social Transformation
d. Modernization
 
219. This refers to the unprecedented phenomenon occurring
in mega-cities wherein the rate of increase of local population
overwhelms the natural ‘carrying capacity’ of cities as
ecosystems and outpaces the ‘caring capacity’ of city
institutions in terms of resources and personnel to address
complex problems.
 
a. Metopolitanization
b. Conurbation
c. Hyper-Urbanization
d. False or Pseudo-Urbanization
220. A direct result of ‘leapfrog’ or ‘checkerboard’
development, this phenomenon irreversibly
converts rural space into urban space even before
the populations meant to use it could be present.
 
a. Anticipatory Development
b. Conurbation
c. Hyper-Urbanization
d. False or Pseudo-Urbanization
• Conurbation or
metropolitan area–
large continuous
build-up area formed
by the joining
together of several
urban settlements.
221. In a causal order, which should come first in this series
or chain of intertwined, multi-dimensional problems?
 
a. Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
b. Unmanaged Population
c. Poverty
d. Land use Changes
e. Pollution
f. Carbon Footprint
222. According to David Satterthwaite, 95% of deaths and serious injuries
from major disasters in the period 1950-2007 occurred in low-income to
middle-income countries, and 90% of these deaths happened to the
poorest people. Which conclusion is supported by this information?
 
a. Poverty, which means low income and low education, is the major cause
of disaster
b. Countries in typhoon belts and Ring-of-Fire region of the world tend to
be poor because of frequent disasters
c. Poverty and its physical dimension, i.e. location of homes and
livelihoods, increase people’s vulnerability to disaster
d. The poorer a country, the higher the illiteracy rate, hence the less
informed and less prepared people tend to be
223. Settlements in high-risk zones; buildings on natural
wetlands; rivers and waterways used as sewers; recurrent
shortages of food, water and power; segments of idle prime
land pockmark the city center; lack of distinctive city image
and coherent urban form, all taken together, are
manifestation of --
 
a. Population Explosion
b. Disaster Management
c. Splattered Development
d. Unmanaged Urbanization
224. This refers to low-density urban use of land expanded faster
than population growth requires and occurring in an amorphic
manner at the margins of existing urban centers. Over time, more
and more houses are built far from urban centers that would
require more energy use per person and more government
resources to provide piecemeal extensions of roads and utilities.
 
a. Decentralization
b. Dispersion
c. Exurbanization
d. Sprawl
• Urban Sprawl – outward spread of built-up areas caused
by their expansion
225. In Michael P. Todaro’s Labor Migration Model of Urbanization
(1976), the central pull factor or main attraction of Third World
cities to rural migrants even when these cities are unprepared to
accept migration, is
 
a. “bright lights effect” or lure of city life and neon-lit entertainment
b. Possible benefits derived from proximity to seat of power and
prestige of central city address
c. Abundance and plenitude in cities versus hunger and famine due to
insurgency wars in the countryside
d. Substantial wage differentials between urban labor and rural
labor for the same level of skill, task, or occupation
228. Dr. Edward L. Glaeser of Harvard University (1995, 2003) correlates ‘urban
development’ with ‘democratization’ in the following observations. Which
statement pertain the most to so-called ‘annihilation of space’ in urban areas?
 
a. Information travels at high-speed in cities; transactions between producers
and consumers are faster; cities practically eliminate the transport cost of
moving ideas, goods, and people
b. Cities facilitate human contact and social connection; the demand for the cities
is fueled by the demand for interaction,
c. Because people in cities have high level of awareness, it is much harder for rules
to be despotic or tyrannical.
d. Ineffective governments find it much harder to ignore mass poverty & other
social problems in cities than in countryside
e. Revolutions, labor uprising, and riots are usually born and bred in cities
231. Related to Thomas Malthus’ concept of ‘k’ as the
population size constrained by whatever resource is in shortest
supply, this principles refers to “the maximum population of a
given species that can be supported indefinitely in a defined
habitat without causing negative impacts that permanently
impair the productivity of that same habitat.”
 
a. Limits to growth
b. tipping point
c. Range and threshold
d. Carrying capacity
 Carrying Capacity Analysis
- effects of population
growth and urban
development on ecological
systems, public facility
systems, and
environmental perception.

–Lake Tahoe’s population is limited

based on set water quality goals.
260. According to Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism (1904), what was the key factor in transition from the
mercantile economies controlled by European monarchies to profit-
driven individual enterprise or laissez faire?
 
a. Endemic corruption in highly structured Catholic society made people
less imaginative and less entrepreneurial
b. Early Protestants generally emphasized hard-work, simplicity, thrift,
discipline, savings, & re-investment of savings
c. Royal treasuries went bankrupt due to Catholics culture of excess, lavish
celebrations, overindulgence, etc.
d. Protestant work without the baggage of Seven Capital Sins such as
greed, avarice, envy, lust, gluttony etc.
297. This started as a US federal program in 1949 which aimed to
rehabilitate the outworn or decaying sections of any town by
extending fund assistance to LGUs to undertake improvements
in streetscapes, park, greenways, housing, community centers,
etc based on anticipation that future tax revenues from real
estate will pay for present’s costs.
 
a. Land re-adjustment
b. Urban Restructuring
c. Infill and densification
d. Urban Renewal
• Urban Renewal – adaptation of existing buildings in
towns and cities to meet changes in economic, social, and
environmental requirements rather than demolishing them.
Urban renewal has become an increasingly important
element of inner city policy. A major objective is to
preserve the historical and cultural character of a locality,
but at the same time to improve the environment and meet
new demands, such as rapidly increasing motor traffic.
299. In “Death and Life of Great American Cities” (1961) and
“Economy of Cities” (1969), this planner maintains that ‘diversity’
promotes innovation among proximate firms and spurs the
growth of cities, thus s/he advocated for heterogeneity, variety
and mixture in the geographic clustering of firms as well as in the
composition of city districts and neighborhoods.
 
a. Herbert Gans
b. James Howard
c. Joel Garreau
d. Jane Jacobs
300. The major objective of ‘New Urbanism’ movement identified
with Jane Jacobs, Leon Krier, Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
et.al. is to
 
a. Re-build the architectural façade of old cities using post-modern
methods and technologies
b. Revitalize urban communities by creating ‘centers’ and by
reviving traditional civic values
c. Design gated subdivisions as urban college and multi-ethnic
tapestry
d. Integrate development of both urban and rural areas in order to
save as much farmland as possible
301. The critique of ‘New Urbanism’ against so-called
‘Gentrification’ or up scaling of inner-city neighborhoods
was
 
a. The latter is more interested in new business than in
community re-building; hence soul less and center less
b. The latter leads to the exclusion of low-income groups
c. The latter does not create mixed communities of varied
socio-economic & demographic groups
d. All of the above
• Gentrification – restoration of deteriorated urban property especially
in working-class neighborhoods by the middle and upper classes.
302. All of the following schemes are associated
with ‘New Urbanism’ except:
 
a. Mixed Use Zoning
b. Neo-traditional Design
c. Exclusionary Zoning
d. Pedestrianization
303. The following planners were most concerned
about “human scale and the social usage of urban
space”
 
a. Davide Harvey, Manuel Castells, Ray Pahl
b. Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, William H. Whyte
c. Robert Moses, William Levitt, Richard King Mellon
d. TJ Kent, Edwin C. Banfield, Albert Z. Guttenberg
325. This school of thought claims that cities or human
settlements can be studied as though they are biological
organism subject to laws of evolution, natural selection,
competition, adaptation, survival of the fittest, decline
and death.
 
a. Dialectical Historical Materialism
b. Anarcho-Syndicalism by Saul David Alinsky
c. Frankfurt School of Social Critical Theory
d. Chicago school of human ecology
326. This school of thought holds that settlements form in a
balanced manner; they tend to be spread evenly and
symmetrical in isotropic space, displaying both hierarchy and
equilibrium arising from the interdependence between big and
small settlements and from the complementation between
their respective scoped of functions.
 
a. Galaxy of Settlements Theory
b. Central Place Theory
c. Geographic Determinism
d. Dependency Theory
328. This school of thought describes a borderless global economy
characterized by free trade and free movement of capital wherein
nation-stated would have ‘lean and mean’ governments which
pursue policies of liberalization, deregulation, privatization, de-
bureaucratization, ‘unbundling,’ ‘de-coupling’, and similar structural
adjustments.
 
a. World Systems Theory
b. State Corporatism
c. Neo-Liberalism
d. Liberal Democracy
 
332. All of the following are practical
applications of Central Place Theory in the
Philippines, except one.
 
a. Location of health centers
b. Location of trial courts
c. Location of beach resorts
d. Location of police stations
333. What Christallerian principles from the basis why a
state university, a consumer mall, a huge sports
stadium, o r a tertiary-level hospital cannot be
established in each and every Philippines municipality?
 
a. Spatial equity and bio-geography equity
b. Specialization and concentration
c. Market range and threshold population
d. Profitability and pecuniary interest
• Threshold – min.
market area
wherein
goods/services
become
economically viable

• Range – max.
distance which
consumers will
travel to purchase
goods/services
334. The ‘hierarchy of settlements’ in Walter
Chirstaller’s Central Place Theory is characterized by
 
a. Equally-sized large cities in every region
b. Only one large city, many small settlements
c. Only medium-sized and small settlements
d. a few large cities, some medium cities, many small
settlements
 
335. Central Place Theory was found faulty in assuming uniform
topography, flat featureless terrain, ease of travel in all
directions, and ubiquity or all-around presence of economic
resources, but its major strength lies in characterizing the
locational advantages of one place in relation to another, a
geographic concept called –
 
a. Surrounding
b. Standing
c. Situation
d. State
336. The weakness of applying Central Place Theory in a
simplistic way on the Philippines is that
 
a. Unlike other countries, Philippines does not have
compact land mass with homogenous features
b. Archipelagic nature creates natural discontinuities that
render movement & economic exchange difficult
c. Spatial integration between urban and rural areas is
impeded by poor transport that inflates prices
d. All of the above
340. In the model of mono-centric cities, it is assumed that
manufacturers locate close to transport arteries, blue collar
workers locate close to their jobs, while traders and retailers
pay higher for choice locations in city center to have command
of the market. This pattern of land use is explained better by
which theory of spatial planning?
 
a. Urban Bid-Rent by Alonso, Muth and Mills
b. Cumulative Causation by Gunnar Myrdal
c. Urban Land Nexus Theory by David Harvey
d. City as Growth Machine by John Logan & Harvey Molotch
• Bid-Rent Theory
– assumption
that land value
and rent
decrease as
distance from
the central
business district
increases
341. “When all land is identical and there is perfect competition
among profit-maximizing firms, land is sold to the highest
bidder. As a firm moves closer to the center of a place, transport
costs fall which increases the amount a firm is willing to pay for
land. Thus, land at the center always has the highest value.”
 
a. Johann Henreich von Thunen, Walter Christaller and George
Kingsley Zipf
b. William Alonso, Richard E. Muth and Edwin S. Mills
c. Alfred Weber, August Losch and Walter Isard
d. Roderick D. McKenzie, Amos H. Hawley, Robert Park
345. In urban land use models of the Chicago school of human ecology,
the affluent and middle classes are inclined to move away from
downtown and inner-city in favor of suburban locations and this
process results in a paradox or “spatial mismatch” as regards labor.
 
a. Sophisticated upper classes locate in city-edges with semi-rural
conditions where no employment is available
b. Lower-classes who cannot create employment by themselves are
left to occupy high-priced land in the inner core of cities.
c. Blue-collar workers are forced to accept low-skill jobs as maids, yayas,
and gardeners in affluent suburban subdivisions
d. Non-tax paying people in the informal sector are closer to the seat of
government than the landed gentry
346. ‘Urban development’ tends to occur along major
transportation routes because
 
a. Power/water connections and other utilities etc are
naturally linear
b. Business cannot take place without roads and vehicles
c. Migration usually occurs linearly from A to point B such
as in exodus, processions or diasporas
d. People tend to locate where exchange, interchange and
access to other land uses are at maximum
347. Which theorist of urban land use states
categorically that land use follows transport in the
same manner that both population and business
follow roads?
 
a. Ernest Burgess
b. Homer Hoyt
c. Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman
d. Peirce Lewis
 Concentric zone model

• Developed in 1925 by Ernest W. Burgess

• A theory of urban ecology – that cities are environments

like those found in nature, governed by the same forces
that affects the natural ecosystem, i.e., competition
 A model with
five zones.
 Sector model (1939)
• Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector
Model based on studies of
142 US cities.
• Pie-shaped wedges created
by Hoyt compensated for
the drawbacks of the Ring
Model
• Low Rent areas & High Rent
areas could extend to the
outer edge
• Transportation and
industrial zones accounted
for the sectors
• Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector
Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in
creating land-use patterns.
• They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had
drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance
• Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
• Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping
malls and mass transit
Post WWII-rapid expansion of
cities and suburbs led to Edge
Cities with their own CBD
348. Which of the following land-use models
describes the pattern of radial or axial growth
along lines of least resistance?
 
a. Multiple nuclei
b. Concentric zone
c. Sector model
d. Polycentric model
349. In the model of Homer Hoyt, the sections of
urban land with the highest values are those:
 
a. Downtown sections facing seas, lakes & near
waterfronts
b. On top of hills and elevated areas called ‘uptowns’
c. Immediately around public offices / institutional
sector
d. Along major roadways
350. “Social status declines with increasing distance from
the center of the city” is a proposition about poor
Third World countries that contradicts the original land
use models from the Chicago school of human ecology.
 
a. Donut model
b. Core-Periphery Dependency model
c. Polycentric model
d. Inverse Concentric
351. According to M. White (1987), the more economically
complex a city, the more varied would be the number of high
growth points, the more socially complex it becomes, and the
stronger is its tendency towards differentiation such as in the
case of residents segregating themselves into ‘enclaves’
according to economic level, social status or ethnicity.
 
a. Bi-polar Model
b. Palimpsest or Mosaic Model
c. Multiple Nuclei
d. Urban Land Nexus Theory
352. Advancements in transportation and communication technologies
have affected many cities in such a way that information-based
production can be done by anyone, anywhere at any time regardless
of distance from city center. Which of the following is the likely
spatial form arising from these economic trends?
 
a. Cyber-city sends all dirty smokestack industries to remote regions.
b. CBD becomes an elongated corridor or spine following the lines of
telecommunications & electronic services
c. Suburban subdivisions form a belt-like edge or natural perimeter
around the mother city
d. Edge cities, office parks and techno-poles develop in various parts
of a complex mother city
353. According to Wilbur Richard Thompson (1965), once a city
reaches a resident population of 250,000, it attains
permanence. Certain city sections may suffer decay and
decline, but the city as a whole will survive because of sheer
size and strength of tertiary economy, inherent capacity to
diversify and its political weight vis-ả-vis other settlements.
 
a. Urban Land Lexus
b. Urban Ratchet Theory
c. Urban Spiral Economy
d. Urban Force Momentum
357. Which characteristic of megalopolis describes its tendency
to develop a multi-nuclei or multi-nodal spatial pattern?
 
a. Is an expensive urban region with over 10 million population
(Giles Clarke)
b. Tends to be dependent on food, water and energy supplies of
its neighboring regions
c. Has complex form as ‘mother city’ breed’s smaller offspring-
cities in dendritic or sprawling manner
d. Requires broad type of regional governance beyond the
capacity and resources of a single LGU authority
359. Not all megacities become ‘world cities’. According to David Simon
in World City Hypothesis (1996), the following criteria determine how
a city reaches Tier 1 status. Which criterion is pursued as cities ‘de-
industrialize’ by banishing dirty smokestack industries from their
territories in the contest to achieve “greater global competitiveness”
 
a. “existence of a sophisticated financial and service complex serving a
global clientele
b. “level of international networks of capital information and
communication flows
c. “large number of headquarters of international institutions
d. “quality of life conductive to attracting investors and retaining skilled
international migrants
362. Which thrust of regional planning addresses core-periphery,
center-hinterland economic exchange & spatial integration?
 
a. Enforce urban growth control such as greenbelts or analogous
schemes to protect the natural environment
b. Cultivate a role for each component-settlement such as
administrative center, manufacturing hub, tourism zone, etc
c. Develop transport corridors in ‘hub and spokes design’ with
major infrastructure reaching out to population centers
d. Resist development in flood plains or on earthquake fault
zones by utilizing these areas as parks, farms, buffers, etc.
365. Although theoretically and definition ally flawed, “Super-Region” as
conceived by the administration of Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo sought
to build upon perceived comparative advantage of a cluster of territories
such as agri-processing, tourism, commodity logistics chain, or cyber-
services. Which ‘super-region’ ought to focus on ‘agri-business’?
 
a. Northern Luzon Quadrangle
b. Metro Luzon Urban Beltway
c. Calabarzon Industrial Heartland
d. Central Philippines (Visayas, Palawan and parts of Mindanao
e. Subic – Clark Freeport complex
f. Bangsa Moro Juridical Authority
Super Regions of the Philippines

Map of the Philippines divided into the

proposed super regions, except for the
cyber corridor.   

North Luzon Agribusiness

Quadrangle
   Metro Luzon Urban Beltway
  
Central Philippines

  Mindanao
367. In John Friedman’s (1966, 1973) taxonomy of regions
according to economic condition, which refers to ‘lagging
regions’?
 
a. Core regions
b. Upward transitional areas
c. Resource frontier areas
d. Downward transitional areas
e. Special problem areas
f. Latifundio-minifundio
John Friedmann’s Model of Regional Development

Upward transitional area

could be seen as the semi
periphery.
Resource frontier is
peripheral but endowed
with resources.
Downward transitional
area could be seen as the
periphery suffering from
backwash effects of
development in the Core.
369. The phenomenon of ‘urban primacy’ mostly in Third World countries
wherein a single metropolis corners a disproportionate share of a
country’s population, resources and investments by reason of historical
or political precedence or as a result of foreign colonial influence, is
also called “Manila imperialism” in the Philippines.
 
a. It is desirable because of the efficient use of space and economies of
scale.
b. It proves that benefits from agglomeration outweigh the disbenefits
from congestion and overconcentration
c. It demonstrates that Third World countries remain as colonies of
Western imperialist powers.
d. It shows polarization within a country and siphoning off of economic
assets and human talent from ‘hinterland’
370. The twin strategy of ‘concentrated decentralization’
and ‘industrial dispersal’ to correct urban primacy and
inter-regional divergence in the Philippines was begun
under the administration of President
 
a. Carlos P. Garcia
b. Ferdinand E. Marcos
c. Corazon C. Aquino
d. Fidel V. Ramos
e. Gloria M. Arroyo
378. This concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of
a whole town or city, in particular the shape and form of city
blocks, the uses of public space, the articulation of physical
features in three dimensions, so that residents and visitors alike
can make high-quality connections between people, places and
buildings.

a. Architectural Master Plan

b. Cityscape and Streetscape
c. Urban Design
d. Form and Style
e. Visual Panorama
Definition – urban design