the

Skeletal
system
Comia, Joshua Cyryll
Habacon, Gabrielle Anne
 Skeletal system
– Consist of bones, some associated connective tissues, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments.
– It is consist of dynamic living tissues that are able to grow, detect pain stimuli,
adapt to stress and undergo repair after injury.
– It provide attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints.
– The term Skeleton comes form a Greek word meaning “dried”.
– SKELETON = Acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft
tissues that make up the rest of the body
 FUNCTIONS
OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
BODY SUPPORT

ORGAN
PROTECTION

BODY MOVEMENT

MINERAL
STORAGE

BLOOD CELL
PRODUCTION
 CARTILAGE
– Semi-rigid form of connective tissue that provides flexibility and smooth surface
of movement.
– 3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE:
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
 HYALINE
CARTILAGE
 ORGANIC MATERIAL INORGANIC MATERIAL

Collagen and
Proteoglycans.

35%

BONE
65% MATRIX
hydroxyapatite
BONE
CELLS
OSTEOBL
ASTS
Bone-forming cells, have an extensive
endoplasmic reticulum and numerous
ribosomes.

Formation of new bone by

osteoblasts is called
OSSIFICATION
 OSTEOC
YTES
Once an osteoblast has secreted
enough bone matrix to become
surrounded by it the cell is then
referred to as an OSTEOCYTE

The spaces without matrix but

occupied by the osteocyte cell
bodies are called LACUNAE

The spaces occupied by the

osteocyte cell extensions are
called CANALICULI
OSTEOC
LAST
Bone-destroying cells. These cells
perform reabsorption, or breakdown,
of bone that mobilizes crucial
calcium and phosphate ions for use
in many metabolic processes.
 Types of bone that osteoblasts
form during ossification
Woven Bone
– Weak bone
– The collagen fibers are randomly
oriented in many directions.
Lamellar Bone
– mature bone that is organized into
thin, concentric sheets or layers
approximately 3–7 micrometers thick
called LAMELLAE
– The collagen fibers lie parallel to one
another but at an angle to the
collagen fibers in the adjacent
lamellae.
 SPONGY
and
COMPACT BONE
 COMPACT
BONE
Strongest form of bone. has
more matrix and is denser
with fewer
pores than spongy bone

SPONGY
BONE
appears porous, has less
bone matrix and more space
than compact bone.
Consist of trabeculae
 TYPES
OF BONES
LONG
BONE
Longer than they are wide.
Most bones of the upper and
lower limbs are long bones.
 SHORT
BONE
Approximately as broad as
they are long. Examples of
this bone are the bones of the
wrist and ankle.
FLAT
BONE
Relatively thin, flattened
shape. Examples of flat
bones are certain skull bones,
the ribs, the scapulae and the
sternum.
 IRREGUL
AR BONE
Have a shape but does not fit
the pattern of the long, short,
and flat bones. It is more
complex in shape. Some
examples of this type of bone
are the vertebrae and the
facial bones.
SESAMOI
D BONE
A small and round bone.
Structure
of a
Long Bone
 EPIPHYSIS
Ends of a bone
Proxima and Distal ends of the bone

DIAPHYSIS
Central Shaft

METAPHYSIS
Fusion of Epiphysis and Diaphysis
 Articular Cartilage
Covers the ends of the epiphyses
where the bone joins with other
bones.
Epiphyseal Plate
“Growth plate”

Medullary Cavity
Where the red bone marrow is
located
Yellow Bone Marrow
Consists of mostly adipose tissue

Hyaline Cartilage

Red Bone Marrow

Consists of blood-forming cells
 BONE
DEVELOPMENT
INTRAMEMB
RanOUS
OSSIFICATIO
N
At approximately the fifth week of
development in an embryo,
embryonic mesenchyme condenses
around the developing brain to form
a membrane of connective tissue
with delicate, randomly oriented
collagen fibers. Intramembranous
ossification of the membrane begins
at approximately the eighth week of
embryonic development and is
completed by approximately 2 years
of age
ENDOCHO
NDRAL
OSSIFICATI
ON
The formation of cartilage begins
at approximately the end of the
fourth week of embryonic
development. Endochondral
ossification of some of this
cartilage starts at approximately
the eighth week of embryonic
development, but this process
might not begin in other cartilage
until as late as 18–20 years of age
THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE IS
ORGANIZED INTO FOUR
ZONES
 ZONE OF RESTING
CARTILAGE
ZONE OF PROLIFERATION
ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY
ZONE OF CALCIFICATION
 The ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE is
nearest the epiphysis and contains slowly
dividing chondrocytes.
In the ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY, the
chondrocytes produced in the zone of
proliferation mature and enlarge. Thus, a
maturation gradient exists in each
column: The cells nearer the epiphysis
are younger and actively proliferating,
whereas the cells progressively nearer
the diaphysis are older and undergoing
hypertrophy
The chondrocytes in the ZONE OF
PROLIFERATION produce new cartilage
through interstitial cartilage growth. The
chondrocytes divide and form columns
resembling stacks of plates or coins.
The ZONE OF CALCIFICATION is very thin
and contains hypertrophied
chondrocytes and calcified cartilage
matrix. The hypertrophied chondrocytes
die, and blood vessels from the diaphysis
grow into the area.
 BONE
REMODELING
 BONE REMODELING
– In this process, osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone.
– Bone remodeling converts woven bone into lamellar bone and is involved in
several important functions, including bone growth, changes in bone shape,
adjustment of the bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion (Ca2+ )
regulation in the body
– Bone remodeling involves a basic multicellular unit (BMU), a temporary
assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travels through or across the
surface of bone, removing old bone matrix and replacing it with new bone
matrix.
 BONE
REPAIR
FRACTURES
JOINTS
 AXIAL
SKELETON
AXIAL
SKELETO
N
• Consists of 80 bones

• Includes bones in the

longitudinal axis of the
body
• Mostly fixed
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
APPENDICUL
AR
SKELETON
• Consists of 126 bones.

• Connected to the axial

skeleton by girdles.
• Includes the bones in the
upper and lower limbs
• Mostly movable.