m AN EMBLEM OF PEACE INDIA HAS ALWAYS

EXTENDED THE HAND TOWARDS PAKISTAN

FOR NEGOTIATIONS AND COMMUNAL
HARMONY ,BUT THIS HAS ALWAYS BEEN
MISUNDERSTOOD BY PAKISTAN AS OUR
WEAKNESS.
m |


m The Wars in chronological order
m Origins of conflict
m Other conflicts
m Indo-Pakistan War of 1947:
m Indo-Pakistan War of 1965:
m Indo-Pakistan War of 1971:
m Indo-Pakistani War of 1999(The Kargil War):
 The Partition of India came about in the aftermath of
World War II, when both Britain and British India
were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the
war and its demobilization.
 It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim
state to come from British India to have a clean
partition between independent and equal "Pakistan"
and "Hindustan" once independence came. The
partition itself, according to leading politicians such as
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the All India Muslim
League, and Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian
National Congress, should have resulted in peaceful
relations.
m This is also called the First Kashmir War. The war
started in October 1947 when the Maharajah of the
princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was pressured
to accede to either of the newly independent states of
Pakistan or India.
m Tribal forces prompted by Pakistan attacked and
occupied the princely state, forcing the Maharajah to
sign the "Agreement to the accession of the princely
state to India".
m The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of
Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered
by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India
(southern, central and north eastern areas).
m This war started following of Pakistan's Operation
Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into
Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency
against rule by India.
m India retaliated by launching an attack on Pakistan.
The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on
both sides and was witness to the largest tank battle in
military history since World War II.
m It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire
and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent
Declaration.
m The war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of
Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis brewing
in erstwhile East Pakistan.
m Because of the impending humanitarian crisis and its own
interest in dismembering Pakistan India intervened in the
on going Bangladesh liberation movement.
m After a failed pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale
hostilities between the two countries commenced. Within
two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces surrendered
to India following which Bangladesh was created.
m This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the
India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of
prisoners of war since the Second World War after the
surrender of nearly 90,000 Pakistani police and civilians
m It was an armed conflict between India and
Pakistan that took place between May and July
1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and
elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC).
m The conflict is also referred to as  


which was the name of the Indian operation
to clear the Kargil sector.
m It was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and
Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian
side of the LOC, which serves border between the
two states.
m During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan
blamed the fighting entirely on independent
Kashmiri insurgents.
m But documents left behind by casualties and later
statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief
of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani
paramilitary forces, led by General Ashraf Rashid.
m The town of Kargil is located 205 km (120 miles)
from Srinagar, facing the Northern Areas across
the LOC. Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil
has a temperate climate.
m Summers are cool with frigid nights, while winters
are long and chilly with temperatures often
dropping to í48 °C (í54 °F).
m The area that witnessed the infiltration and
fighting is a 160 km long stretch of ridges
overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and
Leh.
m The infiltrators, apart from being equipped with
small arms and grenade launchers, were also
armed with mortars, artillery and anti-aircraft
guns.
m Many posts were also heavily mined, with India
later stating to having recovered more than 8,000
anti-personnel mines according to an ICBL report.
m Pakistan's reconnaissance was done through
unmanned aerial vehicles and AN/TPQ-36
Firefinder radars supplied by the US.
m Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the
conflict.
m Bruce Riedel, aide to then President Bill Clinton reported
that the US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements
of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the
Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict between
the two countries.
m However, President Clinton refused to intervene until
Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the
Line of Control.
m Following the Washington accord on July 4, where Sharif
agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting
came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained
in positions on the Indian side of the LOC.
m G8 nations supported India and condemned the
Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit.
m The European Union also opposed Pakistan's
violation of the LOC.
m China, a long-time ally of Pakistan, insisted on a pull
out of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the
LOC and settling border issues peacefully.
m Pakistani Prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet
U.S. President Bill Clinton on July 4 to obtain support
from the United States.
m Clinton rebuked Sharif, however, and asked him to use
his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw
Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory.
THE SAMJHAUTA EXPRESS:
m The Samjhauta Express commonly called the
Friendship Express, is a twice-weekly train ±
Tuesdays and Fridays ± that runs between Delhi
and Attari in India and Wagah and Lahore in
Pakistan
m Thar Express, this was the only rail connection
between the two countries. The train was started
on July 22, 1976 following the Shimla Agreement
and ran between Amritsar and Lahore, a distance
of about 42 km.
m THE SAMJHAUTA EXPRESS BOMBINGS:

m In the early hours of February 19, 2007 sixty-eight

people were killed and scores more injured in a
terrorist attack on this "Peace Train".
m The attack occurred at Diwana station near the Indian
city of Panipat, Haryana. Officials found evidence of
improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and flammable
material, including three un-detonated IEDs.
m DIALOGUE ON NORMALISATIONS OF
RELATIONS.
m DIALOGUE ON KASHMIR AND LOC.
m SELF REALISATION OF THE SERIOUSNESS OF
THE MATTER.
m ITS UNFORTUNATE TO HAVE A NEIGHBOUR
LIKE PAKISTAN BUT THERE SHOULD BE
INITIATIVES FROM BOTH THE GOVERNMENT
TOWARDS BETTERMENT OF THE
DEVASTATING CONDINTION AND SOUR
RELATIONS BETWEEN BOTH THE NATIONS
TO DECREASE THE BITTERNESS BETWEEN
TWO NATIONS WHO WERE ONCE
³ONE´.
THANK YOU